Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai (Pashto/محمد نجیبالله احمدزی; 6 August 1947 – 27 September 1996), commonly known as Najibullah or Dr.
In 2017 a pro-Najibist Watan Party was created as a continuation of Najibullah's party. ==Early life and career== Najibullah was born on 6 August 1947 in the city of Gardez, Paktia Province, in the Kingdom of Afghanistan.
Joseph's School in Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India, and at Kabul University, where he began studying in 1964 and completed his Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) in 1975.
In 1965, during his study in Kabul, Najibullah joined the Parcham (Banner) faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and was twice imprisoned for political activities.
Joseph's School in Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India, and at Kabul University, where he began studying in 1964 and completed his Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) in 1975.
In 1977 he was elected to the Central Committee.
In April 1978, the PDPA took power in Afghanistan, with Najibullah a member of the ruling Revolutionary Council.
The 17th Division in Herat, which had begun the 1979 Herat uprising against PDPA-rule, stood at 3,400 regular troops and 14,000 tribal men.
In 1981, Najibullah was appointed to the PDPA Politburo.
In June 1981, Najibullah, along with Mohammad Aslam Watanjar, a former tank commander and the then Minister of Communications and Major General Mohammad Rafi, the Minister of Defence were appointed to the PDPA Politburo.
Yuri Andropov, Boris Ponomarev and Dmitriy Ustinov all thought highly of Najibullah, and negotiations of who would succeed Karmal might have begun as early as 1983.
In 1985 Najibullah stepped down as state security minister to focus on PDPA politics; he had been appointed to the PDPA Secretariat.
As would later be proven by the power struggle he had with Karmal after becoming PDPA General Secretary, despite Najibullah heading the KHAD for five years, Karmal still had sizable support in the organisation. ===Rise to power: 1985–1986=== He was appointed to the PDPA Secretariat in November 1985.
According to the plan, the economy, which had grown less than 2 percent annually until 1985, would grow 25 percent in the plan.
The most effective, and largest, assaults on the mujahideen were undertaken during the 1985–86 period.
Najib, was an Afghan politician who served as the leader of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1992 and as well as the President of Afghanistan from 1987 until his resignation in April 1992, shortly after which the mujahideen took over Kabul.
Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader, was able to get Karmal to step down as PDPA General Secretary in 1986, and replace him with Najibullah.
Najibullah's ascent to power was proven by turning KHAD from a government organ to a ministry in January 1986.
Najibullah succeeded Karmal as PDPA General Secretary on 4 May 1986 at the 18th PDPA meeting, but Karmal still retained his post as Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council. On 15 May Najibullah announced that a collective leadership had been established, which was led by himself consisted of himself as head of party, Karmal as head of state and Sultan Ali Keshtmand as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
In his position as Revolutionary Council chairman Karmal was succeeded by Haji Mohammad Chamkani, who was not a member of the PDPA. In 1986 there were more than 100,000 political prisoners and there had been more than 16,500 extrajudicial executions.
Its main objectives were the opponents of communism and the most educated classes in society. ==Leader: 1986–1992== ===National Reconciliation=== In September 1986 the National Compromise Commission (NCC) was established on the orders of Najibullah.
At the end of 1986, Najibullah called for a six-months ceasefire and talks between the various opposition forces, this was part of his policy of National Reconciliation.
In many ways, the National Reconciliation led to an increasing number of urban dwellers to support his rule, and the stabilisation of the Afghan defence forces. In September 1986 a new constitution was written, which was adopted on 29 November 1987.
The Five-Year Economic and Social Development Plan which was introduced in January 1986 continued until March 1992, one month before the government's fall.
Tabeev was recalled from Afghanistan in July 1986, but while Gorbachev called for the end of Soviet management of Afghanistan, he could not help but to do some managing himself.
In July 1986 six regiments, which consisted up to 15,000 troops, were withdrawn from Afghanistan.
The Soviets ensued a bomb and negotiate during 1986, and a major offensive that year included 10,000 Soviet troops and 8,000 Afghan troops. The Pakistani people and establishment continued to support the Afghan mujahideen even if it was in contravention of the Geneva Accords.
Najib, was an Afghan politician who served as the leader of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1992 and as well as the President of Afghanistan from 1987 until his resignation in April 1992, shortly after which the mujahideen took over Kabul.
In many ways, the National Reconciliation led to an increasing number of urban dwellers to support his rule, and the stabilisation of the Afghan defence forces. In September 1986 a new constitution was written, which was adopted on 29 November 1987.
On 13 July 1987 the official name of Afghanistan was changed from the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan to Republic of Afghanistan, and in June 1988 the Revolutionary Council, whose members were elected by the party leadership, was replaced by a National Assembly, an organ in which members were to be elected by the people.
The government was not willing to concede all of these positions, and when the offer was broadcast, the ministries of defence and state security. ====Elections: 1987 and 1988==== Local elections were held in 1987.
According to Soviet advisors (in 1987), a bitter debate within the party had broken out between those who advocated the islamisation of the party and those who wanted to defend the gains of the Saur Revolution.
In 1987 Najibullah re-added Ullah to his name to appease the Muslim community.
Islamic principles were embedded in the 1987 constitution, for instance, Article 2 of the constitution stated that Islam was the state religion, and Article 73 stated that the head of state had to be born into a Muslim Afghan family.
On 13 July 1987 the official name of Afghanistan was changed from the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan to Republic of Afghanistan, and in June 1988 the Revolutionary Council, whose members were elected by the party leadership, was replaced by a National Assembly, an organ in which members were to be elected by the people.
The government was not willing to concede all of these positions, and when the offer was broadcast, the ministries of defence and state security. ====Elections: 1987 and 1988==== Local elections were held in 1987.
A parliamentary election was held in 1988.
When Gorbachev met with Ronald Reagan during his visit the United States, Reagan called for the dissolution of the Afghan army. On 14 April 1988 the Afghan and Pakistani governments signed the Geneva Accords, and the Soviet Union and the United States signed as guarantors; the treaty specifically stated that the Soviet military had to withdraw from Afghanistan by 15 February 1989.
In 1988, the total number of security forces available to the government stood at 300,000.
Najibullah accused Karmal of trying to wreck his policy of National Reconciliation, which were a series of efforts by Najibullah to end the conflict. During his tenure as leader of Afghanistan, the Soviets began their withdrawal, and from 1989 until 1992, his government tried to solve the ongoing civil war without Soviet troops on the ground.
The PDPA's socialist stance was denied even more than previously, in 1989 the Minister of Higher Education began to work on the "de-Sovietisation" of universities, and in 1990 it was even announced by a party member that all PDPA members were Muslims and that the party had abandoned Marxism.
Their hopes were dampened when the Najibullah government introduced the state of emergency on 18 February 1989, four days after the Soviet withdrawal.
When Gorbachev met with Ronald Reagan during his visit the United States, Reagan called for the dissolution of the Afghan army. On 14 April 1988 the Afghan and Pakistani governments signed the Geneva Accords, and the Soviet Union and the United States signed as guarantors; the treaty specifically stated that the Soviet military had to withdraw from Afghanistan by 15 February 1989.
During the second phase of the Soviet withdrawal, in 1989, Najibullah told Valentin Varennikov openly that he would do everything to slow down the Soviet departure.
Varennikov visited Afghanistan in May 1989 to discuss ways and means to deliver the aid to the government.
These newly independent states had no wish to see Afghanistan being taken over by religious fundamentalists, and supplied Afghanistan with 6 million barrels of oil and 500,000 tons of wheat to survive the winter. ===After the Soviets=== With the Soviets' withdrawal in 1989, the Afghan army was left on its own to battle the insurgents.
Although Tanai and his forces failed and fled to Pakistan, the coup attempt still managed to show weaknesses in Najibullah's government. From 1989 to 1990, the Najibullah government was partially successful in building up the Afghan defence forces.
In the 1990 constitution all references to communism were removed and Islam became the state religion.
The PDPA's socialist stance was denied even more than previously, in 1989 the Minister of Higher Education began to work on the "de-Sovietisation" of universities, and in 1990 it was even announced by a party member that all PDPA members were Muslims and that the party had abandoned Marxism.
The 1990 constitution stated that Afghanistan was an Islamic state, and the last references to communism were removed.
Article 1 of the 1990 Constitution said that Afghanistan was an "independent, unitary and Islamic state." ===Economic policies=== Najibullah continued Karmal's economic policies.
The 1990 constitution gave due attention to the private sector.
In 1990 Soviet aid amounted to an estimated 3 billion United States dollars.
Bhutto eventually sacked Gul. Hardline Khalqist Shahnawaz Tanai attempted to overthrow Najibullah in a failed coup attempt in March 1990.
Although Tanai and his forces failed and fled to Pakistan, the coup attempt still managed to show weaknesses in Najibullah's government. From 1989 to 1990, the Najibullah government was partially successful in building up the Afghan defence forces.
This trend did not continue, and by the summer of 1990, the Afghan government forces were on the defensive again.
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Najibullah was left without foreign aid.
1,700 intellectuals were arrested in February alone, and until November 1991 the government still supervised and restricted freedom of speech.
When the Soviet Union was dissolved on 26 December 1991, Najibullah turned to former Soviet Central Asia for aid.
By the beginning of 1991, the government controlled only 10 percent of Afghanistan, the eleven-year Siege of Khost had ended in a mujahideen victory and the morale of the Afghan military finally collapsed.
In the autumn of 1991, Najibullah wrote to Shevardnadze "I didn't want to be president, you talked me into it, insisted on it, and promised support.
Najib, was an Afghan politician who served as the leader of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1992 and as well as the President of Afghanistan from 1987 until his resignation in April 1992, shortly after which the mujahideen took over Kabul.
Najibullah accused Karmal of trying to wreck his policy of National Reconciliation, which were a series of efforts by Najibullah to end the conflict. During his tenure as leader of Afghanistan, the Soviets began their withdrawal, and from 1989 until 1992, his government tried to solve the ongoing civil war without Soviet troops on the ground.
This, coupled with the internal collapse of his government, led to his resignation in April 1992.
The Five-Year Economic and Social Development Plan which was introduced in January 1986 continued until March 1992, one month before the government's fall.
Now you are throwing me and the Republic of Afghanistan to its fate." ====Fall from power==== In January 1992, the Russian government ended its aid to the Najibullah government.
But it was too late, and his government's collapse was imminent. On 18 March 1992, Najibullah offered his government's immediate resignation, and followed the United Nations (UN) plan to be replaced by an interim government with all parties involved in the struggle.
"If they wanted Najibullah to flee Kabul in safety," Tokhi said, "they could have provided him the opportunity as they did with other high ranking officials from the communist party from 1992 to 1996." For these or whatever reasons; when Massoud's militia came to both Dr.
In 1994, India sent senior diplomat M.
Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai (Pashto/محمد نجیبالله احمدزی; 6 August 1947 – 27 September 1996), commonly known as Najibullah or Dr.
All attempts failed and he eventually sought haven in the local UN headquarters, where he would stay until 1996.
A few months before his death, he quoted, "Afghans keep making the same mistake," reflecting upon his translation to a visitor. In September 1996, when the Taliban were about to enter Kabul, Massoud offered Najibullah an opportunity to flee the capital.
"If they wanted Najibullah to flee Kabul in safety," Tokhi said, "they could have provided him the opportunity as they did with other high ranking officials from the communist party from 1992 to 1996." For these or whatever reasons; when Massoud's militia came to both Dr.
Najibullah and General Tokhi and asked them to come with them to flee Kabul, they rejected the offer. Najibullah was at the UN compound when the Taliban soldiers came for him on the evening of 26 September 1996.
Since the 2010s, posters and pictures of him have become a common sight in many Afghan cities. In 1997, the Watan Party of Afghanistan was formed and in 2003, the National United Party of Afghanistan was registered - who seek to unite former PDPA members formerly led by Mohammad Najibullah. ==Family== He left three daughters who were forced to leave Afghanistan after the Taliban seizure and the start of the civil war.
Since the 2010s, posters and pictures of him have become a common sight in many Afghan cities. In 1997, the Watan Party of Afghanistan was formed and in 2003, the National United Party of Afghanistan was registered - who seek to unite former PDPA members formerly led by Mohammad Najibullah. ==Family== He left three daughters who were forced to leave Afghanistan after the Taliban seizure and the start of the civil war.
The eldest daughter of Heela Najibullah - worked in the international red cross, in 2006 she spoke at the summit of young UN leaders representing Afghanistan.
Since the 2010s, posters and pictures of him have become a common sight in many Afghan cities. In 1997, the Watan Party of Afghanistan was formed and in 2003, the National United Party of Afghanistan was registered - who seek to unite former PDPA members formerly led by Mohammad Najibullah. ==Family== He left three daughters who were forced to leave Afghanistan after the Taliban seizure and the start of the civil war.
Bhadrakumar wrote in 2016 that he believed Massoud did not want Najibullah to leave as Massoud could strategically make use of him, and that Massoud "probably harboured hopes of a co-habitation with Najib somewhere in the womb of time because that extraordinary Afghan politician was a strategic asset to have by his side".
In 2017 a pro-Najibist Watan Party was created as a continuation of Najibullah's party. ==Early life and career== Najibullah was born on 6 August 1947 in the city of Gardez, Paktia Province, in the Kingdom of Afghanistan.
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