1991), Footballer Xueqin Cao (1715 or 1724 - 1763 or 1764), Writer; Author of Dream of the Red Chamber Gang Tian (b.
1991), Footballer Xueqin Cao (1715 or 1724 - 1763 or 1764), Writer; Author of Dream of the Red Chamber Gang Tian (b.
1991), Footballer Xueqin Cao (1715 or 1724 - 1763 or 1764), Writer; Author of Dream of the Red Chamber Gang Tian (b.
The 1842 Treaty of Nanking, which put an end to the First Opium War, was signed in the city harbor on Royal Navy warships.
When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death.
The birth of Jinling Manufacturing Bureau in 1865 marked the beginning of Nanjing's modern industry.
This systematic mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing. The New York Methodist Mission Society's Superintendent, Virgil Hart arrived in Nanking in 1881.
The American Presbyterian Church opened Mingde College in Nanjing in 1884, and Jinling University Hall was built in 1888.
The American Presbyterian Church opened Mingde College in Nanjing in 1884, and Jinling University Hall was built in 1888.
The Sanjiang Normal School, which was organized in 1902 and officially opened in 1904, was the largest and the latest designed after the implementation of the new education in the late Qing Dynasty.
The Sanjiang Normal School, which was organized in 1902 and officially opened in 1904, was the largest and the latest designed after the implementation of the new education in the late Qing Dynasty.
Since the meteorological record was made in 1905, the temperature has experienced a change of first rising, then falling and rising.
In 1906, it was renamed Liangjiang Normal School (the predecessor of Southeast University, Nanjing University, Nanjing Normal University and other universities).
In 1906, it was renamed Liangjiang Normal School (the predecessor of Southeast University, Nanjing University, Nanjing Normal University, and other universities). The educational center of southern China for more than 1,700 years, Nanjing has a large range of prestigious higher education institutions and research institutes and a large student population.
Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival. ===Libraries=== Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library.
In 1910, the first National Games in Chinese history was held.
13 Middle School, the city's oldest/continuous school grounds in the city. === Capital of the republic and Nanking Massacre === The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanjing was selected as its new capital.
The Ming dynasty had made Nanjing a capital, the republic had been established there in 1912, and Sun Yat-sen's provisional government had been there.
The first airport was the Xiaoying Airport built by the Nationalist Government in 1912.
The well-established "Nanjing 1912" district hosts a wide variety of recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants and western pubs to dance clubs, in both its downtown location and beside Baijia Lake in Jiangning District.
In 1924, the predecessor of the Chinese Olympic Committee (All-China Sports Association) was established in Nanjing.
Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base). In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928.
Chiang was born in the neighboring province of Zhejiang and the general area had strong popular support for him. In 1927, the Nationalist government proposed a comprehensive planning proposal, the Capital Plan (首都計劃), to reconstruct the war-torn city of Nanjing into a modern capital.
In 1927, the Ming Palace Airport was built on the Ming Palace site as a military-civilian airport.
Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base). In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928.
The Daxiaochang Airport was completed in 1929.
In the 1930s, celebrities in painting circles such as Lv Fengzi, Xu Beihong, Zhang Daqian, Yan Wenliang, Lu Sibai, Chen Zhifo, Gao Jianfu, Pan Yuliang, and Pang Xunqin gathered in Nanjing.
During this boom, Nanjing reputedly became one of the most modern cities in China. In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theater of World War II).
The Central Aviation School, founded in April 1931 in the University Field, is known as the cradle of the Chinese Air Force.
In 1933, the revenue generated by the food and entertainment industry in the city exceeded the sum of the output of the manufacturing and agriculture industry.
The southeast wind prevails in summer, with an average temperature of 28.1 ℃ in July and an extreme daily maximum temperature of 43.0 ℃, which occurred on July 13, 1934.
In 1934, Dajiaochang Airport was officially opened as a military airport, and Ming Palace Airport was a civilian airport.
During this boom, Nanjing reputedly became one of the most modern cities in China. In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theater of World War II).
In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing.
In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing. === Chinese Civil War and People's Republic === On 21 April 1949, Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River.
In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing. === Chinese Civil War and People's Republic === On 21 April 1949, Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River.
In English, the spelling Nanking was traditional until Pinyin-developed in the 1950s and internationally adopted in the 1980s- standardized the spelling as "Nanjing". ==History== ===Early history and foundation=== Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived more than 500 thousand years ago.
One third of the city population worked in the service industry, . In the 1950s after PRC was established by CPC, the government invested heavily in the city to build a series of state-owned [industry|heavy industries], as part of the national plan of rapid industrialization, converting it into a heavy industry production center of east China.
Extremes since 1951 have ranged from on 6 January 1955 to on 22 August 1959.
Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China. Nanjing hosted the 10th National Games of PRC in 2005 and hosted the 2nd summer Youth Olympic Games in 2014. In 2005, to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China, there was a new stadium, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, constructed in Nanjing.
The average temperature in January is 2.7 ℃, and the extreme daily minimum temperature is minus 14.0 ℃, which occurred on January 6, 1955.
Extremes since 1951 have ranged from on 6 January 1955 to on 22 August 1959.
In July 1956, Nanjing Civil Aviation moved to Dajiaochang Airport, and Dajiaochang was used by both military and civilian use.
The number of precipitation days greater than 0.1 mm was 113.7 days, and the extreme maximum annual precipitation days were 160 days in 1957.
The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored. Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time.
Extremes since 1951 have ranged from on 6 January 1955 to on 22 August 1959.
Overenthusiastic in building a “world-class” industrial city, the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development, such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal, resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s.
From the 1960s to 1980s there were five pillar industries, namely, electronics, automobiles, petrochemical, iron and steel, and power, each with big state-owned firms.
Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968, the bridge is a two-tiered road and rail design spanning 4,600 meters on the upper deck, with approximately 1,580 meters spanning the river itself.
Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968.
Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968, the bridge is a two-tiered road and rail design spanning 4,600 meters on the upper deck, with approximately 1,580 meters spanning the river itself.
In English, the spelling Nanking was traditional until Pinyin-developed in the 1950s and internationally adopted in the 1980s- standardized the spelling as "Nanjing". ==History== ===Early history and foundation=== Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived more than 500 thousand years ago.
From the 1960s to 1980s there were five pillar industries, namely, electronics, automobiles, petrochemical, iron and steel, and power, each with big state-owned firms.
According to the second national soil survey from 1980 to 1987, the soil in Nanjing is divided into 7 soil types, 13 subtypes, 30 soil genera and 66 soil species, with a total area of 416,300 hectares. ===Water=== Nanjing is located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
24 four-A-level scenic spots include Yuhuatai Scenic Area, Presidential Palace Scenic Area, Yuejiang Tower Scenic Area, Xuanwu Lake Scenic Area, Chaotian Palace Scenic Area, etc. == Economic industry == === Overview === In 1981, Nanjing was listed as one of the 15 economic center cities by the country.
The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event. A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance.
According to the second national soil survey from 1980 to 1987, the soil in Nanjing is divided into 7 soil types, 13 subtypes, 30 soil genera and 66 soil species, with a total area of 416,300 hectares. ===Water=== Nanjing is located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
He won the National Excellent Novella Award from 1987 to 1988 and the first Jiangsu Literature and Art Award.
He won the National Excellent Novella Award from 1987 to 1988 and the first Jiangsu Literature and Art Award.
In July 1997, Nanjing Lukou International Airport was opened, civil aviation moved to Lukou Airport, and Dajiaochang Airport was retained as a military airport.
Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997, replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing.
In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to officially defined minorities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population.
On November 12, 1999, the station was burnt in a serious fire.
Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River; in March 2004, the one million container-capacity base, Longtan Containers Port Area opened, further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region.
In 2004, Nanjing ranked sixth in China's economic center positioning index, second only to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Tianjin.
Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1, 2005.
The expansion of the Metro network will greatly facilitate intracity transport and reduce the currently heavy traffic congestion. ==== Meter ==== Nanjing's first subway officially opened on September 3, 2005.
Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China. Nanjing hosted the 10th National Games of PRC in 2005 and hosted the 2nd summer Youth Olympic Games in 2014. In 2005, to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China, there was a new stadium, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, constructed in Nanjing.
It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honor of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award and National Civilized City.
Construction of Nanjing South Station began on 10 January 2008.
In 2008, the headquarters economy development capacity ranked fifth in China, behind Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009. Industrial zones There are a number of industrial zones in Nanjing. Nanjing New and High-Tech Industry Development Zone Nanjing Baixia Hi-Tech Industrial Zone Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone ==Transport== Nanjing is the transport hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area.
Its gymnasium has capacity of 13,000, and natatorium of capacity 3,000. On 10 February 2010, the 122nd IOC session at Vancouver announced Nanjing as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games.
Official statistics in 2011 estimated the city's population to be 8.11 million.
The station was opened for public service in 2011. === Aviation === Nanjing is one of the earliest cities in China to establish civil aviation, and has built 13 airports.
The bus network, which is currently run by three companies since 2011, provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburban areas.
In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita (current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), an 11 percent increase from 2012.
Jiangning Tangshan and Pukou Tangquan are hot spring areas with a long history. The Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China, with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000 t in 2012.
Louis, United States Windhoek, Namibia Yaroslavl, Russia York, England, United Kingdom The sister city relationship with Nagoya in Japan was suspended on February 21, 2012, following public comments by Nagoya mayor Takashi Kawamura denying the Nanking Massacre. ==Notable people== Anhua Gao (b.
Meanwhile, a Yangtze River deep-water channel is under construction to enable Nanjing to handle the navigation of 50,000 DWT vessels from the East China Sea. ===Cityscape=== ===Environmental issues=== ====Air pollution in 2013==== A dense wave of smog began in the central and east parts of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around , including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang.
On 3 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic meter, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic meter on 4 December 2013.
In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita (current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), an 11 percent increase from 2012.
Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009. Industrial zones There are a number of industrial zones in Nanjing. Nanjing New and High-Tech Industry Development Zone Nanjing Baixia Hi-Tech Industrial Zone Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone ==Transport== Nanjing is the transport hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area.
In 2013, Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight.
In the "World 2013 City Conference Industry Development Ranking" issued by the International Conference and Convention Association (ICCA), Nanjing has become the city with the most international conferences in China after Beijing and Shanghai.
As from October 2014, Nanjing had four bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River, linking districts north of the river with the city center on the south bank. ===Rail=== Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China.
Nanjing Hexi Tram was officially put into operation on August 1, 2014.
In 2014 China's regional central cities (excluding Beijing and Shanghai) competitiveness evaluation, Nanjing was second only to Shenzhen and Guangzhou.
Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China. Nanjing hosted the 10th National Games of PRC in 2005 and hosted the 2nd summer Youth Olympic Games in 2014. In 2005, to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China, there was a new stadium, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, constructed in Nanjing.
The slogan of the 2014 Youth Olympic Games was "Share the Games, Share our Dreams".
The Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games featured all 28 sports on the Olympic program and were held from 16 to 28 August.
The 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games is another major Olympic event hosted by China after the Beijing Olympics.
Since 2014, Jiangsu Music Broadcasting will hold the Midou Music Festival in Nanjing every year.
Nanjing Ma'an International Airport was opened in July 2015, and the entire Daxiaochang Airport was relocated here.
Nanjing Ma'an International Airport was opened in July 2015, and the entire Daxiaochang Airport was relocated here. Nanjing Lukou International Airport is the gateway airport of Jiangsu Province and Nanjing City.
In 2015, Nanjing ranked fifth in China's investment attractive cities, closely following Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
In the ranking of the most dynamic cities in China in 2015, Nanjing ranked third, second only to Beijing and Shanghai.
His work "The Yellow Bird" won the Mao Dun Literature Award in 2015; Bi Feiyu, who graduated from Nanjing University, is a representative writer of China's "new generation", and his "Tuina" won The 8th Mao Dun Literary Award; Ye Zhaoyan, born in Nanjing, is a representative writer of "New Realism" in China.
Goodbye Nanjing; the unique Nanjing rap "Drink Wontons": Do you want spicy oil? Do you want spicy oil ?; and the exclusive Nanjing Radio "Nanjing2014" of Nanjing; "Mo Chou ah Mo Chou" that I bleed as a child, etc. In 2016, the Nanjing Forest Music Carnival, sponsored by the Propaganda Department of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee and the Nanjing Municipal People's Government, has been held 5 times.
The Nanjing Kylin Tram was officially put into operation on October 31, 2017.
For a long time, Nanjing dialect has been admired for its elegant, smooth, accent, and unique status. In July 2017, the Ministry of Education and the National Language Commission held a press conference, and the penetration rate of Mandarin has reached 73%.
The drama "Mrs of the Sea" staged in Nanjing in 2017, "Broken Gold", "Treasure Island Village" in 2018, and "Hamlet" in 2019 have the highest box office in the country.
At present, Nanjing Metro has 13 transfer stations and 36 transfer routes, among which Nanjing South Railway Station can be changed to Line 1, Line 3, Line S1, and Line S3. ==== Bus ==== As of the end of 2018, Nanjing had 6,909 buses, operating 468 bus lines, with a total length of 7670.9 kilometers, an average daily mileage of 1,178 million kilometers, and an average daily passenger volume of 2,182 million.
In the 2018 China Financial Center Index evaluation, Nanjing's financial industry performance ranked fourth in China, second only to Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen.
In 2018, Nanjing's financial industry achieved an added value of 147.332 billion yuan, and the balance of domestic and foreign currency deposits in financial institutions was 3452.486 billion yuan. Nanjing is China's service outsourcing base and national software export innovation base.
In 2018, the software and information service industry had a revenue of 450 billion yuan, ranking fourth in China and first in Jiangsu after Beijing, Shenzhen, and Shanghai, accounting for 7.1% of the country's total and 50.8% of Jiangsu's.
According to the "2017 China Exhibition Statistics Report" released in 2018, Nanjing ranked third in the number of exhibitions held in all cities in China, and ranked fifth in the exhibition area in all cities in China. ==Culture and art== Being one of the four ancient capitals of China, Nanjing has always been a cultural center attracting intellectuals from all over the country.
The drama "Mrs of the Sea" staged in Nanjing in 2017, "Broken Gold", "Treasure Island Village" in 2018, and "Hamlet" in 2019 have the highest box office in the country.
As of 2019, the total mileage of Nanjing highways opened to traffic has reached 630 kilometers, and the highway network density has reached 9.56 kilometers per 100 square kilometers, ranking first in the country. With Nanjing as the center, Ninghu, Ninggao, Ningzhen, Ningyang, Ningchu, Ninglian, Ningtong, Ningchao, Ninghe, Ningluo, Ningma, Ningxuan, Ningyan, Ninghuai, Ningmu, Ningchang, Ninghang and other high-grade highways lead to Jiang surrounding provinces and cities in a radial pattern.
As of 2019, Nanjing subway has 10 lines and 174 stations, with a total length of 378 kilometers and an average daily passenger flow.
At present, Nanjing has completely eliminated buses below the National III standard and non-air-conditioned buses, and the number of pure electric buses ranks second in the world. ==== Taxi ==== As of the end of 2019, there were more than 12,000 real-name certified taxis in Nanjing.
At present, there are about 13,000 online car-hailing vehicles legally applying for "car permits" in Nanjing. ==== Tram ==== As of 2019, there are 2 lines of Nanjing trams.
In August 2020, Nanjing ranked among China's top ten GDP in the first half of the year. In 2019, Nanjing's GDP was 1403,015 billion yuan, ranking 11th in the country, an increase of 7.8% over the previous year.
Due to the fertile water quality on both sides of the Yangtze River, it is also one of China's important freshwater fishery bases. In 2019, the total output value of Nanjing's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery was 47.250 billion yuan, an increase of 4.8% over the previous year.
At the end of 2019, Nanjing achieved a total execution value of 17.33 billion US dollars in service outsourcing, ranking first among Chinese cities.
There are 12 unicorn companies in Nanjing in 2019, ranking seventh in global cities and fifth in China. The convention and exhibition industry is an important industry in Nanjing.
In 2019, Beichen Convention and Exhibition Research Institute released the "China Exhibition Index Report 2019", and Nanjing ranked seventh in China in the comprehensive index of domestic urban exhibition industry development.
As of 2019, Nanjing has 14 cultural centers, 100 cultural stations, 15 public libraries (excluding libraries for education systems and enterprises and institutions), 132 movie theaters, and 2 large-scale convention and exhibition centers.
Nanjing has an irreplaceable position in the history of the Chinese Olympics. Nanjing's planned 20,000 seat Youth Olympic Sports Park Gymnasium will be one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams.
The drama "Mrs of the Sea" staged in Nanjing in 2017, "Broken Gold", "Treasure Island Village" in 2018, and "Hamlet" in 2019 have the highest box office in the country.
On October 31, 2019, the official Weibo of the UNESCO Creative City Network announced that Nanjing was listed as the World Literary Capital; City of Literature. In the Nanjing Massacre that occurred 80 years ago, the Japanese invaders massacred more than 300,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians who had laid down their weapons, and more than 20,000 women were raped.
Nanjing is ranked the 88th QS Best Student City in 2019.
According to the QS Higher Education top-ranking university, Nanjing University is ranked the seventh university in China, and 122nd overall in the world as of 2019.
This is the earliest administrative establishment in Nanjing in history, and it has a history of 2591 by 2020.
In August 2020, Nanjing ranked among China's top ten GDP in the first half of the year. In 2019, Nanjing's GDP was 1403,015 billion yuan, ranking 11th in the country, an increase of 7.8% over the previous year.
As of the end of August 2020, there are 137 calligraphy and painting academies, art museums, and art galleries in Nanjing. Nanjing is an important town of Chinese painting and calligraphy.
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