Irving to Irving: Author-Publisher Relations 1800–1974.
Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist, dark romantic, and short story writer.
His works often focus on history, morality, and religion. He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, to Nathaniel Hathorne and the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning.
His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his college friend Franklin Pierce, the 14th President of the United States. ==Biography== ===Early life=== Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts; his birthplace is preserved and open to the public.
was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fever in Dutch Suriname; he had been a member of the East India Marine Society.
Young Hawthorne was hit on the leg while playing "bat and ball" on November 10, 1813, and he became lame and bedridden for a year, though several physicians could find nothing wrong with him. In the summer of 1816, the family lived as boarders with farmers before moving to a home recently built specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Robert Manning in Raymond, Maine, near Sebago Lake.
Young Hawthorne was hit on the leg while playing "bat and ball" on November 10, 1813, and he became lame and bedridden for a year, though several physicians could find nothing wrong with him. In the summer of 1816, the family lived as boarders with farmers before moving to a home recently built specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Robert Manning in Raymond, Maine, near Sebago Lake.
Years later, Hawthorne looked back at his time in Maine fondly: "Those were delightful days, for that part of the country was wild then, with only scattered clearings, and nine tenths of it primeval woods." In 1819, he was sent back to Salem for school and soon complained of homesickness and being too far from his mother and sisters.
He distributed seven issues of The Spectator to his family in August and September 1820 for fun.
He entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825.
With the financial support of his uncle, Hawthorne was sent to Bowdoin College in 1821, partly because of family connections in the area, and also because of its relatively inexpensive tuition rate.
He entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825.
He entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825.
He graduated with the class of 1825, and later described his college experience to Richard Henry Stoddard: ===Early career=== In 1836, Hawthorne served as the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge.
He published his first work in 1828, the novel Fanshawe; he later tried to suppress it, feeling that it was not equal to the standard of his later work.
Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe, was published anonymously in 1828.
He graduated with the class of 1825, and later described his college experience to Richard Henry Stoddard: ===Early career=== In 1836, Hawthorne served as the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge.
By 1836, he had won the bet, but he did not remain a bachelor for life.
He published several short stories in periodicals, which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales.
Horatio Bridge offered to cover the risk of collecting these stories in the spring of 1837 into the volume Twice-Told Tales, which made Hawthorne known locally. ===Marriage and family=== While at Bowdoin, Hawthorne wagered a bottle of Madeira wine with his friend Jonathan Cilley that Cilley would get married before Hawthorne did.
He was offered an appointment as weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House at a salary of $1,500 a year, which he accepted on January 17, 1839.
He joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841, not because he agreed with the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia.
He worked at the Boston Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842.
Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842, at a ceremony in the Peabody parlor on West Street in Boston.
Their first was daughter Una, born March 3, 1844; her name was a reference to The Faerie Queene, to the displeasure of family members.
I have business on earth now, and must look about me for the means of doing it." In October 1845, the Hawthornes moved to Salem.
In 1846, their son Julian was born.
Hawthorne wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846: "A small troglodyte made his appearance here at ten minutes to six o'clock this morning, who claimed to be your nephew." Daughter Rose was born in May 1851, and Hawthorne called her his "autumnal flower". ===Middle years=== In April 1846, Hawthorne was officially appointed the Surveyor for the District of Salem and Beverly and Inspector of the Revenue for the Port of Salem at an annual salary of $1,200.
He also published A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys in 1851, a collection of short stories retelling myths which he had been thinking about writing since 1846.
Hawthorne was a Democrat and lost this job due to the change of administration in Washington after the presidential election of 1848.
He was appointed the corresponding secretary of the Salem Lyceum in 1848.
The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels.
Guests who came to speak that season included Emerson, Thoreau, Louis Agassiz, and Theodore Parker. Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March 1850, including a preface that refers to his three-year tenure in the Custom House and makes several allusions to local politicians—who did not appreciate their treatment.
Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne and his family moved to a small red farmhouse near Lenox, Massachusetts, at the end of March 1850.
He became friends with Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend.
His four major romances were written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860).
Hawthorne wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846: "A small troglodyte made his appearance here at ten minutes to six o'clock this morning, who claimed to be your nephew." Daughter Rose was born in May 1851, and Hawthorne called her his "autumnal flower". ===Middle years=== In April 1846, Hawthorne was officially appointed the Surveyor for the District of Salem and Beverly and Inspector of the Revenue for the Port of Salem at an annual salary of $1,200.
He was composing his novel Moby-Dick at the time, and dedicated the work in 1851 to Hawthorne: "In token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to Nathaniel Hawthorne." Hawthorne's time in the Berkshires was very productive.
He also published A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys in 1851, a collection of short stories retelling myths which he had been thinking about writing since 1846.
They left on November 21, 1851.
I have felt languid and dispirited, during almost my whole residence." ===The Wayside and Europe=== In May 1852, the Hawthornes returned to Concord where they lived until July 1853.
I have felt languid and dispirited, during almost my whole residence." ===The Wayside and Europe=== In May 1852, the Hawthornes returned to Concord where they lived until July 1853.
He also left out Pierce's drinking habits, despite rumors of his alcoholism, and emphasized Pierce's belief that slavery could not "be remedied by human contrivances" but would, over time, "vanish like a dream". With Pierce's election as President, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States consul in Liverpool shortly after the publication of Tanglewood Tales.
His appointment ended in 1857 at the close of the Pierce administration.
A political appointment as consul took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to Concord in 1860.
The Hawthorne family toured France and Italy until 1860.
During his time in Italy, the previously clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a bushy mustache. The family returned to The Wayside in 1860, and that year saw the publication of The Marble Faun, his first new book in seven years.
His four major romances were written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860).
He wrote about his experiences in the essay "Chiefly About War Matters" in 1862. Failing health prevented him from completing several more romance novels.
Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist, dark romantic, and short story writer.
Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, and was survived by his wife and their three children. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral metaphors with an anti-Puritan inspiration.
While on a tour of the White Mountains, he died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire.
Ticknor died with Hawthorne at his side in Philadelphia in 1864; according to a friend, Hawthorne was left "apparently dazed". ===Literary style and themes=== Hawthorne's works belong to romanticism or, more specifically, dark romanticism, cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity.
Longfellow wrote a tribute poem to Hawthorne published in 1866 called "The Bells of Lynn".
Beginning in the 1950s, critics have focused on symbolism and didacticism. The critic Harold Bloom opined that only Henry James and William Faulkner challenge Hawthorne's position as the greatest American novelist, although he admitted that he favored James as the greatest American novelist.
1949; New York: Vintage 1957. Wineapple, Brenda.
Bloom saw Hawthorne's greatest works to be principally The Scarlet Letter, followed by The Marble Faun and certain short stories, including "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop". ==Selected works== The "definitive edition" of Hawthorne's works is The Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by William Charvat and others, published by The Ohio State University Press in twenty-three volumes between 1962 and 1997.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966; reprinted 1989.
Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969. Powers, Meredith A.
Bowker Company, 1974. McFarland, Philip.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1980.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966; reprinted 1989.
The Anatomy of National Fantasy: Hawthorne, Utopia, and Everyday Life (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press 1991) Cheever, Susan.
Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991.
Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (New York: Vintage 1991) Porte, Joel.
The Heroine in Western Literature: The Archetype and Her Reemergence in Modern Prose (Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland 1991) Reynolds, Larry J.
University of Virginia Press 1994. Madison, Charles A.
Bloom saw Hawthorne's greatest works to be principally The Scarlet Letter, followed by The Marble Faun and certain short stories, including "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop". ==Selected works== The "definitive edition" of Hawthorne's works is The Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by William Charvat and others, published by The Ohio State University Press in twenty-three volumes between 1962 and 1997.
Random House: New York, 2003.
New York: Grove Press, 2004.
Cambridge, UK, New York, US, and Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
However, in June 2006, they were reinterred in plots adjacent to Hawthorne. ==Writings== Hawthorne had a particularly close relationship with his publishers William Ticknor and James T.
Detroit: Thorndike Press, 2006.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2006.
Hawthorne and the Historical Romance of New England (Princeton University Press, 2015). Forster, Sophia.
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