Given population growth rates, the figure in 2010 might be half again higher, or about 60 million. ==History of the proposal== The Saharan family (which includes Kanuri, Kanembu, the Tebu languages, and Zaghawa) was recognized by Heinrich Barth in 1853, the Nilotic languages by Karl Richard Lepsius in 1880, the various constituent branches of Central Sudanic (but not the connection between them) by Friedrich Müller in 1889, and the Maban family by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes in 1907.
Given population growth rates, the figure in 2010 might be half again higher, or about 60 million. ==History of the proposal== The Saharan family (which includes Kanuri, Kanembu, the Tebu languages, and Zaghawa) was recognized by Heinrich Barth in 1853, the Nilotic languages by Karl Richard Lepsius in 1880, the various constituent branches of Central Sudanic (but not the connection between them) by Friedrich Müller in 1889, and the Maban family by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes in 1907.
Given population growth rates, the figure in 2010 might be half again higher, or about 60 million. ==History of the proposal== The Saharan family (which includes Kanuri, Kanembu, the Tebu languages, and Zaghawa) was recognized by Heinrich Barth in 1853, the Nilotic languages by Karl Richard Lepsius in 1880, the various constituent branches of Central Sudanic (but not the connection between them) by Friedrich Müller in 1889, and the Maban family by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes in 1907.
Given population growth rates, the figure in 2010 might be half again higher, or about 60 million. ==History of the proposal== The Saharan family (which includes Kanuri, Kanembu, the Tebu languages, and Zaghawa) was recognized by Heinrich Barth in 1853, the Nilotic languages by Karl Richard Lepsius in 1880, the various constituent branches of Central Sudanic (but not the connection between them) by Friedrich Müller in 1889, and the Maban family by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes in 1907.
The first inklings of a wider family came in 1912, when Diedrich Westermann included three of the (still independent) Central Sudanic families within Nilotic in a proposal he called Niloto-Sudanic; this expanded Nilotic was in turn linked to Nubian, Kunama, and possibly Berta, essentially Greenberg's Macro-Sudanic (Chari–Nile) proposal of 1954. In 1920 G.
The first inklings of a wider family came in 1912, when Diedrich Westermann included three of the (still independent) Central Sudanic families within Nilotic in a proposal he called Niloto-Sudanic; this expanded Nilotic was in turn linked to Nubian, Kunama, and possibly Berta, essentially Greenberg's Macro-Sudanic (Chari–Nile) proposal of 1954. In 1920 G.
Carlo Conti Rossini made similar proposals in 1926, and in 1935 Westermann added Murle.
Carlo Conti Rossini made similar proposals in 1926, and in 1935 Westermann added Murle.
In 1950 Greenberg retained Eastern Sudanic and Central Sudanic as separate families, but accepted Westermann's conclusions of four decades earlier in 1954 when he linked them together as Macro-Sudanic (later Chari–Nile, from the Chari and Nile Watersheds). Greenberg's later contribution came in 1963, when he tied Chari–Nile to Songhai, Saharan, Maban, Fur, and Koman-Gumuz and coined the current name Nilo-Saharan for the resulting family.
The first inklings of a wider family came in 1912, when Diedrich Westermann included three of the (still independent) Central Sudanic families within Nilotic in a proposal he called Niloto-Sudanic; this expanded Nilotic was in turn linked to Nubian, Kunama, and possibly Berta, essentially Greenberg's Macro-Sudanic (Chari–Nile) proposal of 1954. In 1920 G.
In 1950 Greenberg retained Eastern Sudanic and Central Sudanic as separate families, but accepted Westermann's conclusions of four decades earlier in 1954 when he linked them together as Macro-Sudanic (later Chari–Nile, from the Chari and Nile Watersheds). Greenberg's later contribution came in 1963, when he tied Chari–Nile to Songhai, Saharan, Maban, Fur, and Koman-Gumuz and coined the current name Nilo-Saharan for the resulting family.
In 1950 Greenberg retained Eastern Sudanic and Central Sudanic as separate families, but accepted Westermann's conclusions of four decades earlier in 1954 when he linked them together as Macro-Sudanic (later Chari–Nile, from the Chari and Nile Watersheds). Greenberg's later contribution came in 1963, when he tied Chari–Nile to Songhai, Saharan, Maban, Fur, and Koman-Gumuz and coined the current name Nilo-Saharan for the resulting family.
What remains are eight (Dimmendaal) to twelve (Bender) constituent families of no consensus arrangement. ===Greenberg 1963=== Joseph Greenberg, in The Languages of Africa, set up the family with the following branches.
Central Sudanic, the principal language of southern Chad. Some other important Nilo-Saharan languages under 1 million speakers: Fur (500,000 in 1983, significantly more today).
The Chari–Nile core are the connections that had been suggested by previous researchers. Gumuz was not recognized as distinct from neighboring Koman; it was separated out (forming "Komuz") by Bender (1989). ===Bender 1989, 1991=== Lionel Bender came up with a classification which expanded upon and revised that of Greenberg.
The Chari–Nile core are the connections that had been suggested by previous researchers. Gumuz was not recognized as distinct from neighboring Koman; it was separated out (forming "Komuz") by Bender (1989). ===Bender 1989, 1991=== Lionel Bender came up with a classification which expanded upon and revised that of Greenberg.
His evidence for the classification was not fully published until much later (see Ehret 2001 below), and so it did not attain the same level of acclaim as competing proposals, namely those of Bender and Blench. ===Bender 2000=== By 2000 Bender had entirely abandoned the Chari–Nile and Komuz branches.
His evidence for the classification was not fully published until much later (see Ehret 2001 below), and so it did not attain the same level of acclaim as competing proposals, namely those of Bender and Blench. ===Bender 2000=== By 2000 Bender had entirely abandoned the Chari–Nile and Komuz branches.
This tentative and somewhat conservative classification held as a sort of standard for the next decade. ===Ehret 2001=== Ehret's updated classification was published in his book A Historical–Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan (2001).
1980 to 2005, with a weighted median at ca.
a family with Gumuz and Koman as primary branches, and Ehret renames the traditional Koman group as "Western Koman". ===Blench 2006=== Niger-Saharan, a language macrofamily linking the Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan phyla, was proposed by Blench (2006).
Given population growth rates, the figure in 2010 might be half again higher, or about 60 million. ==History of the proposal== The Saharan family (which includes Kanuri, Kanembu, the Tebu languages, and Zaghawa) was recognized by Heinrich Barth in 1853, the Nilotic languages by Karl Richard Lepsius in 1880, the various constituent branches of Central Sudanic (but not the connection between them) by Friedrich Müller in 1889, and the Maban family by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes in 1907.
Another Luo language of Uganda. Nuer (1.1,million in 2011, significantly more today).
Nordic Journal of African Studies, 8(2):108–138. ===External relationships=== Roger Blench, 2011.
"Can Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic help us understand the evolution of Niger-Congo noun classes?",[http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/blench-call-leiden-2011.pdf] CALL 41, Leiden ==External links== Roger Blench: Nilo-Saharan *Nilo-Saharan list (Blench 2012) Nilo-Saharan Newsletter Map of Nilo-Saharan Proposed language families
Mimi-D and Meroitic were not considered, though Starostin had previously proposed that Mimi-D was also an isolate despite its slight similarity to Central Sudanic. In a follow up study published in 2017, Starostin reiterated his previous points as well as explicitly accepting a genetic relationship between Macro-East Sudanic and Macro-Central Sudanic.
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