marilandicus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Pennsylvania bobwhite – coastal New England and extreme south Ontario to Pennsylvania and central Virginia *C.
virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Virginia bobwhite - Atlantic coast from Virginia to northern Florida and southeast Alabama Grayson's group *C.
mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Mexican bobwhite - eastern United States west of the Atlantic Seaboard to the Great Plains *C.
coyolcos (Statius Müller, 1776) - Coyolcos bobwhite - Pacific Coast of Oaxaca and Chiapas *C.
London, 1842 (1843), p.182.) is held in the collections of the National Museums Liverpool at the World Museum, with accession number D3713.
pectoralis (Gould, 1843) - black-breasted bobwhite - eastern slopes and mountains of central Veracruz *C.
cubanensis (GR Gray, 1846) - Cuban bobwhite - Cuba and Isla de la Juventud; introduced to Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos islands *C.
The specimen died in the aviary at Knowsley Hall, Lancashire and came to the Liverpool national collection via the 13th Earl of Derby’s collection, which was bequeathed to the people of Liverpool in 1851. ==Description== C.
aridus (Lawrence, 1853) - Jaumave bobwhite - west-central Tamaulipas to southeastern San Luis Potosí *C.
texanus (Lawrence, 1853) - Texas bobwhite - southwestern Texas to northern Mexico *C.
graysoni (Lawrence, 1867) - Grayson's bobwhite - west-central Mexico *C.
floridanus (Coues, 1872) - Florida bobwhite - peninsular Florida *†C.
It was originally endemic to southern Arizona in the U.S., and northern Sonora in Mexico. The masked bobwhite was in decline since its discovery in 1884.
ridgwayi (Brewster, 1885) - masked bobwhite - north-central Sonora *C.
atriceps (Ogilvie-Grant, 1893) - black-headed bobwhite - interior of western Oaxaca *C.
godmani (Nelson, 1897) - Godman's bobwhite - eastern slopes and mountains of central Veracruz *C.
insignis (Nelson, 1897) - Guatemalan bobwhite - Guatemala (Rio Chiapas Valley) and southern Chiapas *C.
salvini (Nelson, 1897) - Salvin's bobwhite - coastal and southern Chiapas *C.
and Ireland, where game-bird breeding, liberation, and naturalization are relatively common practices. ==== New Zealand ==== From 1898 to 1902, some 1,300 birds were imported from America and released in many parts of the North and South Islands, from Northland to Southland.
maculatus (Nelson, 1899) - spot-bellied bobwhite - central Tamaulipas to northern Veracruz and southeastern San Luis Potosí *C.
By 1900, the subspecies was already extinct in the U.S.
minor (Nelson, 1901) - least bobwhite - northeastern Chiapas and Tabasco *C.
and Ireland, where game-bird breeding, liberation, and naturalization are relatively common practices. ==== New Zealand ==== From 1898 to 1902, some 1,300 birds were imported from America and released in many parts of the North and South Islands, from Northland to Southland.
insulanus (Howe, 1904) - Key West bobwhite - the Florida Keys *C.
taylori (Lincoln, 1915) - plains bobwhite - South Dakota to northern Texas, western Missouri and northwestern Arkansas *C.
After 1923, no more genuinely wild birds were sighted until 1952, when a small population was found northwest of Wairoa in the Ruapapa Road area.
For example, optimal protein and energy requirements for egg laying hens (23% protein) is much higher than males (16%). == Relationship to humans == ===Introduced populations=== ==== European Union ==== Northern bobwhite were introduced into Italy in 1927, and are reported in the plains and hills in the northwest of the country.
thayeri (Bangs and Peters, 1928) - Thayer's bobwhite - northeastern Oaxaca Masked group *C.
A population of the masked bobwhite was finally discovered and studied in Mexico, in 1931 and 1932. A native population historically existed in Sonora, but by 2017, its population appeared to be declining, or possibly extinct.
A population of the masked bobwhite was finally discovered and studied in Mexico, in 1931 and 1932. A native population historically existed in Sonora, but by 2017, its population appeared to be declining, or possibly extinct.
nelsoni - Nelson's bobwhite (Brodkorb, 1942) - extreme southern Chiapas The holotype specimen of Ortyx pectoralis Gould (Proc.
The Otago (Acclimatisation) Society imported more in 1948, but these releases did no good.
After 1923, no more genuinely wild birds were sighted until 1952, when a small population was found northwest of Wairoa in the Ruapapa Road area.
Habitat degradation has likely contributed to the northern bobwhite population in eastern North America declining by roughly 85% from 1966 to 2014.
harrisoni (Orr and Webster, 1968) - Harrison's bobwhite - southwestern Oaxaca *C.
Decline of the species has been attributed to intense livestock grazing in an ecosystem that does not rejuvenate quickly. A captive flock was established in Arizona in the 1970s.
Since then, bobwhite have been found at several localities around Waikaremoana, in farmland, open bush and along roadsides. More birds have been imported into New Zealand by private individuals since the 1990s and a healthy captive population is now held by backyard aviculturists and have been found to be easily cared for and bred and are popular for their song and good looks.
It would be fair to suggest most birds in the wild are no more than one generation from captive stock. An albino hen was present in a covey in Bayview, Hawkes Bay for a couple of seasons sometime around 2000. ===Captivity=== ==== Housing ==== Bobwhites are generally compatible with most parrots, softbills and doves.
Habitat degradation has likely contributed to the northern bobwhite population in eastern North America declining by roughly 85% from 1966 to 2014.
nigripectus (Nelson, 2015) - Puebla bobwhite - eastern Mexico Black-breasted group *C.
A population of the masked bobwhite was finally discovered and studied in Mexico, in 1931 and 1932. A native population historically existed in Sonora, but by 2017, its population appeared to be declining, or possibly extinct.
A 2017 study recorded no wild sightings of the bird in Sonora.
The George Miksch Sutton Avian Research Center (Sutton Center) became involved with conservation efforts in 2017 to establish a breeding population at the Sutton Center in Oklahoma, in order to reintroduce birds to Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge (BANWR) .
In 2019, biologists from the Sutton Center transported 1,000 chicks by road vehicle to Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge.
In 2020, a projected total of 1,200 birds will be transported by airplanes to BANWR.
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