Some progress was made in exploring the western reaches of the imagined passage. In 1728 Vitus Bering, a Danish Navy officer in Russian service, used the strait first discovered by Semyon Dezhnyov in 1648 but later accredited to and named after Bering (the Bering Strait).
In 1741 with Lieutenant Aleksei Chirikov, he explored seeking further lands beyond Siberia.
A 1745 act, when extended in 1775, promised a £20,000 prize for whoever discovered the passage.
He was murdered by his followers in 1687. Henry Ellis, born in Ireland, was part of a company aiming to discover the Northwest Passage in May 1746.
After the difficult extinction of a fire on board the ship, he sailed to Greenland, where he traded goods with the Inuit peoples on July 8, 1746.
He renewed his efforts in June 1747, without success, before returning to England. In 1772, the English fur-trader Samuel Hearne travelled overland northwest from Hudson Bay to the Arctic Ocean, thereby proving that there was no strait connecting Hudson Bay to the Pacific Ocean. ===Northern Pacific=== Most Northwest Passage expeditions originated in Europe or on the east coast of North America, seeking to traverse the Passage in the westbound direction.
He renewed his efforts in June 1747, without success, before returning to England. In 1772, the English fur-trader Samuel Hearne travelled overland northwest from Hudson Bay to the Arctic Ocean, thereby proving that there was no strait connecting Hudson Bay to the Pacific Ocean. ===Northern Pacific=== Most Northwest Passage expeditions originated in Europe or on the east coast of North America, seeking to traverse the Passage in the westbound direction.
Among the voyages that involved careful searches for a Passage included the 1775 and 1779 voyages of Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra.
The journal of Francisco Antonio Mourelle, who served as Quadra's second in command in 1775, fell into English hands.
A 1745 act, when extended in 1775, promised a £20,000 prize for whoever discovered the passage.
He was explicitly ordered to explore all channels that might turn out to be a Northwest Passage. ===Cook and Vancouver=== In 1776, Captain James Cook was dispatched by the Admiralty in Great Britain on an expedition to explore the Passage.
However, Cook had researched Bering's expeditions, and the Admiralty ultimately placed their faith in the veteran explorer to lead, with Clerke accompanying him. After journeying through the Pacific, to make an attempt from the west, Cook began at Nootka Sound in April 1778.
Among the voyages that involved careful searches for a Passage included the 1775 and 1779 voyages of Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra.
In 1790 and 1791 Francisco de Eliza led several exploring voyages into the Strait of Juan de Fuca, searching for a possible Northwest Passage and finding the Strait of Georgia.
In 1791 Alessandro Malaspina sailed to Yakutat Bay, Alaska, which was rumoured to be a Passage.
In 1790 and 1791 Francisco de Eliza led several exploring voyages into the Strait of Juan de Fuca, searching for a possible Northwest Passage and finding the Strait of Georgia.
To fully explore this new inland sea, an expedition under Dionisio Alcalá Galiano was sent in 1792.
Despite reaching 70°N, they encountered nothing but icebergs. From 1792 to 1794, the Vancouver Expedition (led by George Vancouver who had previously accompanied Cook) surveyed in detail all the passages from the Northwest Coast.
This conclusion was supported by the evidence of Alexander MacKenzie, who explored the Arctic and Pacific Oceans in 1793. ===19th century=== In the first half of the 19th century, some parts of the Northwest Passage (north of the Bering Strait) were explored separately by many expeditions, including those by John Ross, Elisha Kent Kane, William Edward Parry, and James Clark Ross; overland expeditions were also led by John Franklin, George Back, Peter Warren Dease, Thomas Simpson, and John Rae.
Despite reaching 70°N, they encountered nothing but icebergs. From 1792 to 1794, the Vancouver Expedition (led by George Vancouver who had previously accompanied Cook) surveyed in detail all the passages from the Northwest Coast.
The eastern entrance and main axis of the northwest passage, the Parry Channel, was found in 1819.
This area was mapped in pieces from overland in 1821–1839.
In 1826 Frederick William Beechey explored the north coast of Alaska, discovering Point Barrow. Sir Robert McClure was credited with the discovery of the Northwest Passage in 1851 when he looked across McClure Strait from Banks Island and viewed Melville Island.
Many ended in disaster, including that by Sir John Franklin in 1845.
The only usable route linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854. ===Franklin expedition=== In 1845, a lavishly equipped two-ship expedition led by Sir John Franklin sailed to the Canadian Arctic to chart the last unknown swaths of the Northwest Passage.
Many artifacts from the expedition were found over the next century and a half, including notes that the ships were ice-locked in 1846 near King William Island, about halfway through the passage, and unable to break free.
Records showed Franklin died in 1847 and Captain Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier took over command.
This area was mostly mapped in 1848–1854 by ships looking for Franklin's lost expedition.
In 1848 the expedition abandoned the two ships and its members tried to escape south across the tundra by sledge.
McClure started out from England in December 1849, sailed the Atlantic Ocean south to Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean.
An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903–1906.
While searching for him the McClure Arctic Expedition discovered the Northwest Passage in 1850. In 1906, the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen was the first to complete the passage solely by ship, from Greenland to Alaska in the sloop .
Although some of the crew may have survived into the early 1850s, no evidence has ever been found of any survivors.
Evidence from 1996, that confirms reports first made by John Rae in 1854 based on Inuit accounts, suggests that the last of the crew may have resorted to cannibalism of deceased members in an effort to survive. ===McClure expedition=== During the search for Franklin, Commander Robert McClure and his crew in traversed the Northwest Passage from west to east in the years 1850 to 1854, partly by ship and partly by sledge.
In 1826 Frederick William Beechey explored the north coast of Alaska, discovering Point Barrow. Sir Robert McClure was credited with the discovery of the Northwest Passage in 1851 when he looked across McClure Strait from Banks Island and viewed Melville Island.
In 1853 explorer John Rae was told by local Inuit about the disastrous fate of Franklin's expedition, but his reports were not welcomed in Britain. Starvation, exposure and scurvy all contributed to the men's deaths.
An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903–1906.
The only usable route linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854. ===Franklin expedition=== In 1845, a lavishly equipped two-ship expedition led by Sir John Franklin sailed to the Canadian Arctic to chart the last unknown swaths of the Northwest Passage.
Evidence from 1996, that confirms reports first made by John Rae in 1854 based on Inuit accounts, suggests that the last of the crew may have resorted to cannibalism of deceased members in an effort to survive. ===McClure expedition=== During the search for Franklin, Commander Robert McClure and his crew in traversed the Northwest Passage from west to east in the years 1850 to 1854, partly by ship and partly by sledge.
McClure and his crew returned to England in 1854 on one of Belcher's ships.
In 1854, Rae returned to the cities with information from the Inuit about the disastrous fate of the Franklin expedition. ===Amundsen expedition=== The first explorer to conquer the Northwest Passage solely by ship was the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen.
(He was made rear-admiral in 1867.) Both he and his crew also shared £10,000 awarded them by the British Parliament.
An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903–1906.
The first crossing was made by Amundsen in 1903–1905.
In a three-year journey between 1903 and 1906, Amundsen explored the passage with a crew of six.
The ship's shallow draft was intended to help her traverse the shoals of the Arctic straits. Amundsen set out from Kristiania (Oslo) in June 1903 and was west of the Boothia Peninsula by late September.
While searching for him the McClure Arctic Expedition discovered the Northwest Passage in 1850. In 1906, the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen was the first to complete the passage solely by ship, from Greenland to Alaska in the sloop .
In a three-year journey between 1903 and 1906, Amundsen explored the passage with a crew of six.
Rasmussen and two Greenland Inuit travelled from the Atlantic to the Pacific over the course of 16 months via dog sled. Canadian Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer Henry Larsen was the second to sail the passage, crossing west to east, leaving Vancouver on June 23, 1940 and arriving at Halifax on October 11, 1942.
Rasmussen and two Greenland Inuit travelled from the Atlantic to the Pacific over the course of 16 months via dog sled. Canadian Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer Henry Larsen was the second to sail the passage, crossing west to east, leaving Vancouver on June 23, 1940 and arriving at Halifax on October 11, 1942.
Each of the men on the trip was awarded a medal by Canada's sovereign, King George VI, in recognition of this feat of Arctic navigation. Later in 1944, Larsen's return trip was far more swift than his first.
The ship, after extensive upgrades, followed a more northerly, partially uncharted route. In 1954, completed the east-to-west transit, under the command of Captain O.C.S.
In 1956, HMCS Labrador again completed the east-to-west transit, this time under the command of Captain T.C.
Pullen. On July 1, 1957, the United States Coast Guard Cutter departed in company with and to search for a deep-draft channel through the Arctic Ocean and to collect hydrographic information.
Shortly after her return in late 1957, she was reassigned to her new home port of Kodiak, Alaska. In 1960, completed the first submarine transit of the Northwest Passage, heading east-to-west. In 1969, SS Manhattan made the passage, accompanied by the Canadian icebreakers and .
Shortly after her return in late 1957, she was reassigned to her new home port of Kodiak, Alaska. In 1960, completed the first submarine transit of the Northwest Passage, heading east-to-west. In 1969, SS Manhattan made the passage, accompanied by the Canadian icebreakers and .
Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that "ships entering the North-West passage should first report to his government." The first commercial cargo ship to have sailed through the Northwest Passage was in August 1969.
Shortly after her return in late 1957, she was reassigned to her new home port of Kodiak, Alaska. In 1960, completed the first submarine transit of the Northwest Passage, heading east-to-west. In 1969, SS Manhattan made the passage, accompanied by the Canadian icebreakers and .
If the passage's deep waters become completely ice-free in summer months, they will be particularly enticing for supertankers that are too big to pass through the Panama Canal and must otherwise navigate around the tip of South America. The dispute between Canada and the United States arose in 1969 with the trip of the U.S.
According to Nalan Koc of the Norwegian Polar Institute, this was the first time the Passage has been clear since they began keeping records in 1972.
The United States built the Alaska Pipeline instead. In June 1977, sailor Willy de Roos left Belgium to attempt the Northwest Passage in his steel yacht Williwaw.
Therefore, the Canadian commercial marine transport industry does not anticipate the route as a viable alternative to the Panama Canal within the next 10 to 20 years (as of 2004). On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency (ESA) stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.
These trips included one by Eric Forsyth on board the Westsail sailboat Fiona, a boat he built in the 1980s.
In 1981 Owen Beattie, an anthropologist from the University of Alberta, examined remains from sites associated with the expedition.
He reached the Bering Strait in September and after a stopover in Victoria, British Columbia, went on to round Cape Horn and sail back to Belgium, thus being the first sailor to circumnavigate the Americas entirely by ship. In 1981 as part of the Transglobe Expedition, Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R.
They left Tuktoyaktuk on July 26, 1981, in the open Boston Whaler and reached Tanquary Fiord on August 31, 1981.
Once they reached Tanquary Fiord, they had to trek via Lake Hazen to Alert before setting up their winter base camp. In 1984, the commercial passenger vessel (which sank in the Antarctic Ocean in 2007) became the first cruise ship to navigate the Northwest Passage. In July 1986, Jeff MacInnis and Mike Beedell set out on an catamaran called Perception on a 100-day sail, west to east, through the Northwest Passage.
The prospect of more American traffic headed to the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field made the Canadian government realize that political action was required. In 1985, the U.S.
Once they reached Tanquary Fiord, they had to trek via Lake Hazen to Alert before setting up their winter base camp. In 1984, the commercial passenger vessel (which sank in the Antarctic Ocean in 2007) became the first cruise ship to navigate the Northwest Passage. In July 1986, Jeff MacInnis and Mike Beedell set out on an catamaran called Perception on a 100-day sail, west to east, through the Northwest Passage.
This pair was the first to sail the passage, although they had the benefit of doing so over a couple of summers. In July 1986, David Scott Cowper set out from England in a lifeboat named Mabel El Holland, and survived three Arctic winters in the Northwest Passage before reaching the Bering Strait in August 1989.
The Canadian government issued a declaration in 1986 reaffirming Canadian rights to the waters.
In 1988 the governments of Canada and the United States signed an agreement, "Arctic Cooperation," that resolved the practical issue without solving the sovereignty questions.
This pair was the first to sail the passage, although they had the benefit of doing so over a couple of summers. In July 1986, David Scott Cowper set out from England in a lifeboat named Mabel El Holland, and survived three Arctic winters in the Northwest Passage before reaching the Bering Strait in August 1989.
He continued around the world via the Cape of Good Hope to return to England on September 24, 1990.
Evidence from 1996, that confirms reports first made by John Rae in 1854 based on Inuit accounts, suggests that the last of the crew may have resorted to cannibalism of deceased members in an effort to survive. ===McClure expedition=== During the search for Franklin, Commander Robert McClure and his crew in traversed the Northwest Passage from west to east in the years 1850 to 1854, partly by ship and partly by sledge.
His was the first vessel to circumnavigate the world via the Northwest Passage. On July 1, 2000, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police patrol vessel , having assumed the name St Roch II, departed Vancouver on a "Voyage of Rediscovery." Nadon's mission was to circumnavigate North America via the Northwest Passage and the Panama Canal, recreating the epic voyage of her predecessor, St.
The Voyage of Rediscovery was completed in five and a half months, with Nadon reaching Vancouver on December 16, 2000. On September 1, 2001, Northabout, an aluminium sailboat with diesel engine, built and captained by Jarlath Cunnane, completed the Northwest Passage east-to-west from Ireland to the Bering Strait.
State Department spokesperson Morgan Ortagus said the United States "believes that Canada's claim of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada as inconsistent with international law" despite historical precedent regarding archipelago baselines. ==Thinning ice cover and the Northwest Passage== In summer 2000, two Canadian ships took advantage of thinning summer ice cover on the Arctic Ocean to make the crossing.
The Voyage of Rediscovery was completed in five and a half months, with Nadon reaching Vancouver on December 16, 2000. On September 1, 2001, Northabout, an aluminium sailboat with diesel engine, built and captained by Jarlath Cunnane, completed the Northwest Passage east-to-west from Ireland to the Bering Strait.
On January 18, 2006, the Cruising Club of America awarded Jarlath Cunnane their Blue Water Medal, an award for "meritorious seamanship and adventure upon the sea displayed by amateur sailors of all nationalities." On July 18, 2003, a father-and-son team, Richard and Andrew Wood, with Zoe Birchenough, sailed the yacht Norwegian Blue into the Bering Strait.
The Northeast Passage return along the coast of Russia was slower, starting in 2004, requiring an ice stop and winter over in Khatanga, Siberia.
This report was based on an earlier paper, The Northwest Passage Shipping Channel: Is Canada's Sovereignty Really Floating Away? by Andrea Charron, given to the 2004 Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute Symposium.
Therefore, the Canadian commercial marine transport industry does not anticipate the route as a viable alternative to the Panama Canal within the next 10 to 20 years (as of 2004). On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency (ESA) stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.
Cunnane cruised in Northabout in Canada for two years before returning to Ireland in 2005 via the Northeast Passage; he completed the first east-to-west circumnavigation of the pole by a single sailboat.
He returned to Ireland via the Norwegian coast in October 2005.
Coast Guard and Navy vessels are engaged in research, and so would require permission from the Government of Canada to pass through. However, in late 2005, it was reported that U.S.
On January 18, 2006, the Cruising Club of America awarded Jarlath Cunnane their Blue Water Medal, an award for "meritorious seamanship and adventure upon the sea displayed by amateur sailors of all nationalities." On July 18, 2003, a father-and-son team, Richard and Andrew Wood, with Zoe Birchenough, sailed the yacht Norwegian Blue into the Bering Strait.
She also became the only British vessel to complete the Northwest Passage in one season, as well as the only British sailing yacht to return from there to British waters. In 2006, a scheduled cruise liner () successfully ran the Northwest Passage, helped by satellite images telling the location of sea ice. On May 19, 2007, a French sailor, Sébastien Roubinet, and one other crew member left Anchorage, Alaska, in Babouche, a ice catamaran designed to sail on water and slide over ice.
In his first news conference after the 2006 federal election, Prime Minister-designate Stephen Harper contested an earlier statement made by the U.S.
Navy released photographs of surfaced at the North Pole. On April 9, 2006, Canada's Joint Task Force (North) declared that the Canadian Forces will no longer refer to the region as the Northwest Passage, but as the Canadian Internal Waters.
The declaration came after the successful completion of Operation Nunalivut (Inuktitut for "the land is ours"), which was an expedition into the region by five military patrols. In 2006 a report prepared by the staff of the Parliamentary Information and Research Service of Canada suggested that because of the September 11 attacks, the United States might be less interested in pursuing the international waterways claim in the interests of having a more secure North American perimeter.
Later in 2006 former United States Ambassador to Canada, Paul Cellucci agreed with this position; however, the succeeding ambassador, David Wilkins, stated that the Northwest Passage was in international waters. On July 9, 2007, Prime Minister Harper announced the establishment of a deep-water port in the far North.
An expedition in May 2008 reported that the passage was not yet continuously navigable even by an icebreaker and not yet ice-free. Scientists at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union on December 13, 2007, revealed that NASA satellites observing the western Arctic showed a 16% decrease in cloud coverage during the summer of 2007 compared to 2006.
This would have the effect of allowing more sunlight to penetrate Earth's atmosphere and warm the Arctic Ocean waters, thus melting sea ice and contributing to opening the Northwest Passage. In 2006 the cruise liner successfully ran the Northwest Passage, helped by satellite images telling where sea ice was. On November 28, 2008, the Canadian Coast Guard confirmed the first commercial ship sailed through the Northwest Passage.
On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.
Once they reached Tanquary Fiord, they had to trek via Lake Hazen to Alert before setting up their winter base camp. In 1984, the commercial passenger vessel (which sank in the Antarctic Ocean in 2007) became the first cruise ship to navigate the Northwest Passage. In July 1986, Jeff MacInnis and Mike Beedell set out on an catamaran called Perception on a 100-day sail, west to east, through the Northwest Passage.
She also became the only British vessel to complete the Northwest Passage in one season, as well as the only British sailing yacht to return from there to British waters. In 2006, a scheduled cruise liner () successfully ran the Northwest Passage, helped by satellite images telling the location of sea ice. On May 19, 2007, a French sailor, Sébastien Roubinet, and one other crew member left Anchorage, Alaska, in Babouche, a ice catamaran designed to sail on water and slide over ice.
Following a journey of more than , Roubinet reached Greenland on September 9, 2007, thereby completing the first Northwest Passage voyage made in one season without engine. In April 2009, planetary scientist Pascal Lee and a team of four on the Northwest Passage Drive Expedition drove the HMP Okarian Humvee rover a record-setting on sea-ice from Kugluktuk to Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, the longest distance driven on sea-ice in a road vehicle.
Later in 2006 former United States Ambassador to Canada, Paul Cellucci agreed with this position; however, the succeeding ambassador, David Wilkins, stated that the Northwest Passage was in international waters. On July 9, 2007, Prime Minister Harper announced the establishment of a deep-water port in the far North.
And it represents the tremendous potential of our future." On July 10, 2007, Rear Admiral Timothy McGee of the U.S.
Therefore, the Canadian commercial marine transport industry does not anticipate the route as a viable alternative to the Panama Canal within the next 10 to 20 years (as of 2004). On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency (ESA) stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.
The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage "fully navigable." However, the ESA study was based only on analysis of satellite images and could in practice not confirm anything about the actual navigation of the waters of the passage.
The agency's report speculated that the conditions prevalent in 2007 had shown the passage may "open" sooner than expected.
An expedition in May 2008 reported that the passage was not yet continuously navigable even by an icebreaker and not yet ice-free. Scientists at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union on December 13, 2007, revealed that NASA satellites observing the western Arctic showed a 16% decrease in cloud coverage during the summer of 2007 compared to 2006.
The Northwest Passage opened again on August 25, 2008.
An expedition in May 2008 reported that the passage was not yet continuously navigable even by an icebreaker and not yet ice-free. Scientists at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union on December 13, 2007, revealed that NASA satellites observing the western Arctic showed a 16% decrease in cloud coverage during the summer of 2007 compared to 2006.
This would have the effect of allowing more sunlight to penetrate Earth's atmosphere and warm the Arctic Ocean waters, thus melting sea ice and contributing to opening the Northwest Passage. In 2006 the cruise liner successfully ran the Northwest Passage, helped by satellite images telling where sea ice was. On November 28, 2008, the Canadian Coast Guard confirmed the first commercial ship sailed through the Northwest Passage.
In September 2008, , owned by Desgagnés Transarctik Inc.
Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year.
The uncertainty related to physical damage to ships is also thought to translate into higher insurance premiums, especially because of the technical challenges posed by Arctic navigation (as of 2014, only 12 percent of Canada's Arctic waters have been charted to modern standards). The Beluga group of Bremen, Germany, sent the first Western commercial vessels through the Northern Sea Route (Northeast Passage) in 2009.
Following a journey of more than , Roubinet reached Greenland on September 9, 2007, thereby completing the first Northwest Passage voyage made in one season without engine. In April 2009, planetary scientist Pascal Lee and a team of four on the Northwest Passage Drive Expedition drove the HMP Okarian Humvee rover a record-setting on sea-ice from Kugluktuk to Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, the longest distance driven on sea-ice in a road vehicle.
The HMP Okarian was eventually flown from Cambridge Bay to Resolute Bay in May 2009, and then driven again on sea-ice by Lee and a team of five from Resolute to the West coast of Devon Island in May 2010.
The Northwest Passage Drive Expedition is captured in the motion picture documentary film Passage To Mars (2016). In 2009, sea ice conditions were such that at least nine small vessels and two cruise ships completed the transit of the Northwest Passage.
After successfully sailing the Passage, the 77-year-old Forsyth completed the circumnavigation of North America, returning to his home port on Long Island, New York. Cameron Dueck and his crew aboard the 40-foot sailing yacht Silent Sound also transited in the summer of 2009.
A member of the crew is reported to have claimed that "there was no ice whatsoever." Shipping from the east was to resume in the fall of 2009.
In July 2010 Canadian archaeologists found his ship, HMS Investigator, fairly intact but sunk about below the surface. ===John Rae=== The expeditions by Franklin and McClure were in the tradition of British exploration: well-funded ship expeditions using modern technology, and usually including British Naval personnel.
The HMP Okarian was eventually flown from Cambridge Bay to Resolute Bay in May 2009, and then driven again on sea-ice by Lee and a team of five from Resolute to the West coast of Devon Island in May 2010.
Dueck wrote a book about the voyage called The New Northwest Passage. On September 9, 2010, Bear Grylls and a team of five completed a point-to-point navigation between Pond Inlet and Tuktoyaktuk in the Northwest Territories on a rigid inflatable boat (RIB).
The gray whale Eschrichtius robustus has not been seen in the Atlantic since it was hunted to extinction there in the 18th century, but in May 2010, one such whale turned up in the Mediterranean.
The HMP Okarian reached the HMP Research Station in July 2011.
The expedition drew attention to how the effects of global warming made this journey possible and raised funds for the Global Angels charity. On August 30, 2012 Sailing yacht , , an English SY, successfully completed the Northwest Passage in Nome, Alaska, while sailing a northern route never sailed by a sailing pleasure vessel before.
From there the team continued through Parry Channel into McClure Strait and the Beaufort Sea, tracking the highest latitudes of 2012's record sea ice depletion before completing their Northwest Passage September 14, 2012.
The accomplishment is recorded in the Polar Scott Institute's record of Northwest Passage Transits and recognized by the Explorers Club and the Royal Canadian Geographic Society. At 18:45 GMT on September 18, 2012, Best Explorer, a steel cutter , skipper Nanni Acquarone, passing between the two Diomedes, was the first Italian sailboat to complete the Northwest Passage along the classical Amundsen route.
Later in 2019 Best Explorer skippered again by Nanni Acquarone became the first Italian sailboat to circumnavigate the Arctic sailing north of Siberia from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Tromsø and the second ever to do it clockwise. Setting sail from Nome, Alaska, on August 18, 2012, and reaching Nuuk, Greenland, on September 12, 2012, became the largest passenger vessel to transit the Northwest Passage.
In 2017 33 vessels made a complete transit, breaking the prior record of 20 in 2012. In September 2018, sailing yacht Infinity (a 36·6 m ketch) and her 22-person crew successfully sailed through the Northwest Passage.
In 2016, a Chinese shipping line expressed a desire to make regular voyages of cargo ships using the passage to the eastern United States and Europe, after a successful passage by Nordic Orion of 73,500 tonnes deadweight tonnage in September 2013.
The World transit of the Northwest Passage was documented by National Geographic photographer Raul Touzon. In September 2013, became the first commercial bulk carrier to transit the Northwest Passage.
The uncertainty related to physical damage to ships is also thought to translate into higher insurance premiums, especially because of the technical challenges posed by Arctic navigation (as of 2014, only 12 percent of Canada's Arctic waters have been charted to modern standards). The Beluga group of Bremen, Germany, sent the first Western commercial vessels through the Northern Sea Route (Northeast Passage) in 2009.
In 2016, a Chinese shipping line expressed a desire to make regular voyages of cargo ships using the passage to the eastern United States and Europe, after a successful passage by Nordic Orion of 73,500 tonnes deadweight tonnage in September 2013.
Starting on August 10, 2016, the ship sailed from Vancouver to New York City with 1,500 passengers and crew, taking 28 days. In 2018, two of the freighters leaving Baffinland's port in the Milne Inlet, on Baffin Island's north shore, were bound for ports in Asia.
The Northwest Passage shortened the distance by compared to traditional route via the Panama Canal. In August and September 2016 a cruise ship was sailed through the Northwest Passage.
Starting on August 10, 2016, the ship sailed from Vancouver to New York City, taking 28 days for the journey. ===Transfer of Pacific species to North Atlantic=== Scientists believe that reduced sea ice in the Northwest Passage has permitted some new species to migrate across the Arctic Ocean.
The trip was repeated in 2017.
In 2017 33 vessels made a complete transit, breaking the prior record of 20 in 2012. In September 2018, sailing yacht Infinity (a 36·6 m ketch) and her 22-person crew successfully sailed through the Northwest Passage.
Starting on August 10, 2016, the ship sailed from Vancouver to New York City with 1,500 passengers and crew, taking 28 days. In 2018, two of the freighters leaving Baffinland's port in the Milne Inlet, on Baffin Island's north shore, were bound for ports in Asia.
In 2017 33 vessels made a complete transit, breaking the prior record of 20 in 2012. In September 2018, sailing yacht Infinity (a 36·6 m ketch) and her 22-person crew successfully sailed through the Northwest Passage.
The Flag of Planet Earth was planted on September 21, 2018, the International Day of Peace. ==International waters dispute== The Canadian government classifies the waters of the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, as internal waters of Canada as per the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and by the precedent in the drawing of baselines for other archipelagos, giving Canada the right to bar transit through these waters.
Later in 2019 Best Explorer skippered again by Nanni Acquarone became the first Italian sailboat to circumnavigate the Arctic sailing north of Siberia from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Tromsø and the second ever to do it clockwise. Setting sail from Nome, Alaska, on August 18, 2012, and reaching Nuuk, Greenland, on September 12, 2012, became the largest passenger vessel to transit the Northwest Passage.
Coast Guard announced that the United States would be increasing its ability to patrol the Arctic. In June 2019, the U.S.
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