Trotsky had compared Lenin to Maximilien Robespierre as early as 1904. The Decree on Land ratified the actions of the peasants who throughout Russia had taken private land and redistributed it among themselves.
Real wages fell to about 50% of what they had been in 1913.
Gross industrial production in 1917 decreased by over 36% of what it had been in 1914.
From 1914 to 1917, almost 50% of healthy men were sent to war, and many were killed on the front, resulting in many females being head of the household.
==External links== Read, Christopher: Revolutions (Russian Empire), in: 1914–1918 online.
International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Peeling, Siobhan: July Crisis 1917 (Russian Empire), in: 1914–1918 online.
The October Revolution, officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution under the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Coup, the Bolshevik Revolution, the October Uprising, the October Coup or Red October, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.
It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917.
On 10 October 1917 (O.S.; 23 October, N.S.), the Petrograd Soviet, led by Trotsky, voted to back a military uprising.
Bolshevik Red Guards forces under the Military-Revolutionary Committee began the occupation of government buildings on 25 October (O.S.; 7 November, N.S.), 1917.
Gross industrial production in 1917 decreased by over 36% of what it had been in 1914.
By October 1917, Russia's national debt had risen to 50 billion rubles.
The country faced the threat of financial bankruptcy. ===Unrest by workers, peasants, and soldiers=== Throughout June, July, and August 1917, it was common to hear working-class Russians speak about their lack of confidence in the Provisional Government.
Workers saw these rich and powerful individuals as opponents of the Revolution, and called them "bourgeois", "capitalist", and "imperialist". In September and October 1917, there were mass strike actions by the Moscow and Petrograd workers, miners in the Donbas, metalworkers in the Urals, oil workers in Baku, textile workers in the Central Industrial Region, and railroad workers on 44 railway lines.
There were still shortages of food and the increased wages workers had obtained did little to provide for their families. By October 1917, peasant uprisings were common.
As 1917 progressed, the peasantry increasingly began to lose faith that the land would be distributed to them by the Social Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks.
From 1914 to 1917, almost 50% of healthy men were sent to war, and many were killed on the front, resulting in many females being head of the household.
According to Deutsche Welle: On November 7, 1917, a coup d'état went down in history as the October Revolution.
the Military-Revolutionary Committee seized the Central Telegraph of Petrograd, giving the Bolsheviks control over communications through the city. On 25 October (O.S.; 7 November, N.S.) 1917, the Bolsheviks led their forces in the uprising in Petrograd (now St.
On 31 October 1917 (13 November, N.S), the Bolsheviks gained control of Moscow after a week of bitter street-fighting.
The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on 28 November (O.S.) 1917, but its convocation was delayed until 5 January (O.S.; 18 January, N.S.) 1918 by the Bolsheviks.
On its first and only day in session, the Constituent Assembly came into conflict with the Soviets, and it rejected Soviet decrees on peace and land, resulting in the Constituent Assembly being dissolved the next day by order of the Congress of Soviets. On 16 December 1917 (29 December, N.S.), the government ventured to eliminate hierarchy in the army, removing all titles, ranks, and uniform decorations.
The tradition of saluting was also eliminated. On 20 December 1917 (2 January 1918, N.S.), the Cheka was created by Lenin's decree.
For example, the Ukrainian Rada, which had declared autonomy on 23 June 1917, created the Ukrainian People's Republic on 20 November, which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets.
Iarov explored the dwindling labor protests, evolving forms of debate, and varying forms of politicization as a result of the new Soviet rule from 1917 to 1920.
For these historians, the Bolsheviks' defeat in the Constituent Assembly elections of November–December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks' revolution, as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War. Western historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as proto-totalitarian.
Communist parties would start to form in many countries after 1917. Ten Days That Shook the World, a book written by American journalist John Reed and first published in 1919, gives a firsthand exposition of the events.
"The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917." Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 9.1 (2016): 9–38.
International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Peeling, Siobhan: July Crisis 1917 (Russian Empire), in: 1914–1918 online.
The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on 28 November (O.S.) 1917, but its convocation was delayed until 5 January (O.S.; 18 January, N.S.) 1918 by the Bolsheviks.
The tradition of saluting was also eliminated. On 20 December 1917 (2 January 1918, N.S.), the Cheka was created by Lenin's decree.
The Red Terror began in September 1918, following a failed assassination attempt on Lenin.
This led to an armed conflict with the Bolshevik government in Petrograd and, eventually, a Ukrainian declaration of independence from Russia on 25 January 1918.
Communist parties would start to form in many countries after 1917. Ten Days That Shook the World, a book written by American journalist John Reed and first published in 1919, gives a firsthand exposition of the events.
The [reenactment] titled The Storming of the Winter Palace was staged in 1920.
The European powers recognized the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and began to engage in business with it after the New Economic Policy (NEP) was implemented. ==Historiography== Historical research into few events has been as influenced by the researcher's political outlook as that of the October Revolution.
Iarov explored the dwindling labor protests, evolving forms of debate, and varying forms of politicization as a result of the new Soviet rule from 1917 to 1920.
Reed died in 1920, shortly after the book was finished. Dmitri Shostakovich wrote his Symphony No.
The following day, the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia) was captured. As the Revolution was not universally recognized, the country descended into civil war, which would last until 1923 and ultimately lead to the creation of the Soviet Union in late 1922.
The following day, the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia) was captured. As the Revolution was not universally recognized, the country descended into civil war, which would last until 1923 and ultimately lead to the creation of the Soviet Union in late 1922.
The United States did not recognize the new Russian government until 1933.
In this view, the Bolshevik party took the leading role in organizing these alienated industrial workers, and thereby established the construction of the first socialist state. Although Soviet historiography of the October Revolution stayed relatively constant until 1991, it did undergo some changes.
Since 1991, increasing access to large amounts of Soviet archival materials has made it possible to re‑examine the October Revolution.
As Stephen Kotkin argues, 1991 prompted "a return to political history and the apparent resurrection of totalitarianism, the interpretive view that, in different ways…revisionists sought to bury". ==Legacy== The October Revolution marks the inception of the first communist government in Russia, and thus the first large-scale and constitutionally ordained socialist state in world history.
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