Digital versions of one-time pad ciphers have been used by nations for critical diplomatic and military communication, but the problems of secure key distribution have made them impractical for most applications. First described by Frank Miller in 1882, the one-time pad was re-invented in 1917.
Digital versions of one-time pad ciphers have been used by nations for critical diplomatic and military communication, but the problems of secure key distribution have made them impractical for most applications. First described by Frank Miller in 1882, the one-time pad was re-invented in 1917.
In 1917, Gilbert Vernam (of AT&T Corporation) invented and later patented in 1919 () a cipher based on teleprinter technology.
On July 22, 1919, U.S.
In 1917, Gilbert Vernam (of AT&T Corporation) invented and later patented in 1919 () a cipher based on teleprinter technology.
In the early 1920s, three German cryptographers (Werner Kunze, Rudolf Schauffler, and Erich Langlotz), who were involved in breaking such systems, realized that they could never be broken if a separate randomly chosen additive number was used for every code group.
The German foreign office put this system into operation by 1923. A separate notion was the use of a one-time pad of letters to encode plaintext directly as in the example below.
Leo Marks describes inventing such a system for the British Special Operations Executive during World War II, though he suspected at the time that it was already known in the highly compartmentalized world of cryptography, as for instance at Bletchley Park. The final discovery was made by information theorist Claude Shannon in the 1940s who recognized and proved the theoretical significance of the one-time pad system.
At the same time, Soviet information theorist Vladimir Kotelnikov had independently proved the absolute security of the one-time pad; his results were delivered in 1941 in a report that apparently remains classified. == Example == Suppose Alice wishes to send the message "HELLO" to Bob.
Shannon delivered his results in a classified report in 1945 and published them openly in 1949.
Shannon delivered his results in a classified report in 1945 and published them openly in 1949.
His result was published in the Bell System Technical Journal in 1949.
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