He did minor works for wealthy patrons in and around Oslo, but his major achievement was the renovation of the Oslo Katedralskole, completed in 1800.
The fact that the University of Oslo was founded as late as 1811 had an adverse effect on the development of the nation. Oslo was destroyed several times by fire, and after the fourteenth calamity, in 1624, Christian IV of Denmark and Norway ordered it rebuilt at a new site across the bay, near Akershus Castle and given the name Christiania.
Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence.
The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814–1905 union between Sweden and Norway.
In 1814 Christiania once more became a real capital when the union with Denmark was dissolved. Many landmarks were built in the 19th century, including the Royal Palace (1825–1848), Storting building (the Parliament) (1861–1866), the University, National Theatre and the Stock Exchange.
The strong economy transformed Christiania into a trading port. === 19th century === In 1814 the former provincial town of Christiania became the capital of the independent Kingdom of Norway, in a personal union with Sweden.
The population increased from approximately 10 000 in 1814 to 230 000 in 1900.
He added a classical portico to the front of an older structure, and a semicircular auditorium that was sequestered by Parliament in 1814 as a temporary place to assemble, now preserved at Norsk Folkemuseum as a national monument. When Christiania was made capital of Norway in 1814, there were practically no buildings suitable for the many new government institutions.
The first major undertaking was the Royal Palace, designed by Hans Linstow and built between 1824 and 1848.
It became a municipality (formannskapsdistrikt) on 1 January 1838.
The open areas within the built-up zone amount to . The city of Oslo was established as a municipality on 3 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
Large areas of the surrounding Aker municipality were incorporated in 1839, 1859 an 1878.
Christiania expanded its industry from 1840, most importantly around Akerselva.
The waterfalls in Akerselva gave power to some of the first modern industry of Norway in the 1840s.
The coldest temperature recorded is , on 21 January 1841, while the coldest ever recorded at Blindern is in January 1941. == Parks and recreation areas == Oslo has many parks and green areas within the city core, as well as outside it. Frogner Park is a large park located a few minutes' walk away from the city centre.
It was separated from the county of Akershus to become a county of its own in 1842.
The first major undertaking was the Royal Palace, designed by Hans Linstow and built between 1824 and 1848.
In 1850, Christiania also overtook Bergen and became the most populous city in the country.
In Oslo, the German architect Alexis de Chateauneuf designed Trefoldighetskirken, the first neo-gothic church, completed by von Hanno in 1858. A number of landmark buildings, particularly in Oslo, were built in the Functionalist style (better known in the US and Britain as Modernist), the first being Skansen restaurant (1925–1927) by Lars Backer, demolished in 1970.
Large areas of the surrounding Aker municipality were incorporated in 1839, 1859 an 1878.
The 1859 expansion included Grünerløkka, Grønland and Oslo.
The city is sometimes known under the nickname "The Tiger City" (Tigerstaden), probably inspired by an 1870 poem by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson which referenced then-Christiania in central Oslo.
Sognsvann was drinking water for Oslo from 1876 to 1967. The lake's altitude above sea level is 183 metres.
From 1877, the city's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage, a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities in 1897.
In 1877 the city was renamed Kristiania.
Large areas of the surrounding Aker municipality were incorporated in 1839, 1859 an 1878.
Although it was founded in 1919, the Oslo Philharmonic can trace its roots to the founding of the Christiania Musikerforening (Christiania Musicians Society) by Edvard Grieg and Johan Svendsen in 1879. Oslo has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest twice, in 1996 and 2010. === Performing arts === Oslo houses over 20 theatres, such as the Norwegian Theatre and the National Theatre located at Karl Johan Street.
From 1877, the city's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage, a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities in 1897.
There was a spectacular building boom during the last decades of the 19th century, with many new apartment buildings and renewal of the city center, but the boom collapsed in 1899. === 1900–present === In 1948, Oslo merged with Aker, a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger, thus creating the modern, vastly enlarged Oslo municipality.
The population increased from approximately 10 000 in 1814 to 230 000 in 1900.
There was a spectacular building boom during the last decades of the 19th century, with many new apartment buildings and renewal of the city center, but the boom collapsed in 1899. === 1900–present === In 1948, Oslo merged with Aker, a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger, thus creating the modern, vastly enlarged Oslo municipality.
However, the warmest temperature ever recorded in the city of Oslo was in July 1901.
In the early-20th century, Norwegians argued that a name memorialising a Danish king was inappropriate as the name of the capital of Norway, which became fully independent in 1905. In the 2011 Norway terror attacks, Oslo was hit by a bomb blast that ripped through the Government quarter, damaging several buildings including the building that houses the Office of the Prime Minister.
Although it was founded in 1919, the Oslo Philharmonic can trace its roots to the founding of the Christiania Musikerforening (Christiania Musicians Society) by Edvard Grieg and Johan Svendsen in 1879. Oslo has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest twice, in 1996 and 2010. === Performing arts === Oslo houses over 20 theatres, such as the Norwegian Theatre and the National Theatre located at Karl Johan Street.
Kunstnernes Hus art gallery by Gudolf Blakstad and Herman Munthe-Kaas (1930) still shows the influence of the preceding classicist trend of the 1920s.
In 1925, the city, after incorporating the village retaining its former name, was renamed Oslo.
In 1925 the name of the suburb was transferred to the whole city, while the suburb was renamed "Gamlebyen", literally "the Old town", to avoid confusion.
The original name of Oslo was restored in 1925. === 1000–1600 === Under the reign of Olaf III of Norway, Oslo became a cultural centre for Eastern Norway.
Aker Brygge was constructed on the site of the former shipyard Akers Mekaniske Verksted, from 1982 to 1998. The city and municipality used the name Kristiania until 1 January 1925 when the name changed to Oslo.
Backer also designed the restaurant at Ekeberg, which opened in 1929.
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been hosted in 1930, 1966, 1982 and 2011, as well as the 1952 Winter Olympics. Oslo is the home of several football clubs in the Norwegian league system.
City Hall was constructed in the former slum area of Vika from 1931 to 1950.
PST is a security agency which was established in 1936 and is one of the non-secret agencies in Norway. Oslo police stated that the capital is one of Europe's safest.
On 27 July 2018, the temperature in Oslo rose to , the hottest ever recorded since 1937, when the weather observations for Oslo have been conducted in the university area at Blindern.
The coldest temperature recorded is , on 21 January 1841, while the coldest ever recorded at Blindern is in January 1941. == Parks and recreation areas == Oslo has many parks and green areas within the city core, as well as outside it. Frogner Park is a large park located a few minutes' walk away from the city centre.
Since 1947, Oslo has sent a , 50 to 100-year-old spruce, as an expression of gratitude toward Britain for its support of Norway during World War II. == See also == Oslo Accords Image gallery sorted by neighbourhood in Oslo Timeline of transport in Oslo == References == == Further reading == Christie, Haakon.
In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker, a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger, thus creating the modern, much larger Oslo municipality. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway.
The rural municipality of Aker was merged with Oslo on 1 January 1948 (and simultaneously transferred from Akershus county to Oslo county).
There was a spectacular building boom during the last decades of the 19th century, with many new apartment buildings and renewal of the city center, but the boom collapsed in 1899. === 1900–present === In 1948, Oslo merged with Aker, a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger, thus creating the modern, vastly enlarged Oslo municipality.
The municipality of Aker was incorporated into Oslo in 1948, and suburbs were developed, such as Lambertseter (from 1951).
City Hall was constructed in the former slum area of Vika from 1931 to 1950.
The municipality of Aker was incorporated into Oslo in 1948, and suburbs were developed, such as Lambertseter (from 1951).
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been hosted in 1930, 1966, 1982 and 2011, as well as the 1952 Winter Olympics. Oslo is the home of several football clubs in the Norwegian league system.
The 1999 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey were held in Oslo, as have three Bandy World Championships, in 1961, 1977 and 1985.
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been hosted in 1930, 1966, 1982 and 2011, as well as the 1952 Winter Olympics. Oslo is the home of several football clubs in the Norwegian league system.
Sognsvann was drinking water for Oslo from 1876 to 1967. The lake's altitude above sea level is 183 metres.
In Oslo, the German architect Alexis de Chateauneuf designed Trefoldighetskirken, the first neo-gothic church, completed by von Hanno in 1858. A number of landmark buildings, particularly in Oslo, were built in the Functionalist style (better known in the US and Britain as Modernist), the first being Skansen restaurant (1925–1927) by Lars Backer, demolished in 1970.
For instance, Nobel Prize-winning author Sigrid Undset grew up in Oslo, and described her life there in the autobiographical novel Elleve år (1934; translated as The Longest Years; New York 1971). The playwright Henrik Ibsen is probably the most famous Norwegian author.
The 1999 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey were held in Oslo, as have three Bandy World Championships, in 1961, 1977 and 1985.
It was ranked 2nd in the category of business friendliness, behind Amsterdam. Oslo is an important centre of maritime knowledge in Europe and is home to approximately 1980 companies and 8,500 employees within the maritime sector.
Aker Brygge was constructed on the site of the former shipyard Akers Mekaniske Verksted, from 1982 to 1998. The city and municipality used the name Kristiania until 1 January 1925 when the name changed to Oslo.
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been hosted in 1930, 1966, 1982 and 2011, as well as the 1952 Winter Olympics. Oslo is the home of several football clubs in the Norwegian league system.
The 1999 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey were held in Oslo, as have three Bandy World Championships, in 1961, 1977 and 1985.
The Conservative Party is the most represented party in Oslo with six members, the Labour Party has five, the Progress Party, the Liberals and the Socialist Left Party have two each; the Green Party and the Red Party have one each. The combined municipality and county of Oslo has had a parliamentary system of government since 1986.
Oslo hosted the Biathlon World Championships in 1986, 1990, 2000, 2002 and 2016.
The stadium has previously hosted the finals of the UEFA Women's Championship in 1987 and 1997, and the 2002 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship.
In 2003, Oslo received The European Sustainable City Award and in 2007 Reader's Digest ranked Oslo as number two on a list of the world's greenest, most liveable cities. The City of Oslo has set the goal of becoming a low carbon city, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions 95% from 1990 levels by 2030.
Oslo hosted the Biathlon World Championships in 1986, 1990, 2000, 2002 and 2016.
The UCI Road World Championships in bicycle road racing were hosted 1993. Oslo is also home to the Oslo Pretenders Sportsklubb, a club that hosts a baseball, softball, basketball, and disc golf teams.
This compares with NOK166 billion (US$17 billion) in 1995.
Although it was founded in 1919, the Oslo Philharmonic can trace its roots to the founding of the Christiania Musikerforening (Christiania Musicians Society) by Edvard Grieg and Johan Svendsen in 1879. Oslo has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest twice, in 1996 and 2010. === Performing arts === Oslo houses over 20 theatres, such as the Norwegian Theatre and the National Theatre located at Karl Johan Street.
The stadium has previously hosted the finals of the UEFA Women's Championship in 1987 and 1997, and the 2002 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship.
Aker Brygge was constructed on the site of the former shipyard Akers Mekaniske Verksted, from 1982 to 1998. The city and municipality used the name Kristiania until 1 January 1925 when the name changed to Oslo.
The redevelopment of Oslo Airport (by the Aviaplan consortium) at Gardermoen, which opened in 1998, was Norway's largest construction project to date. == Politics and government == Oslo is the capital of Norway, and as such is the seat of Norway's national government.
The 1999 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey were held in Oslo, as have three Bandy World Championships, in 1961, 1977 and 1985.
Oslo was ranked as the 24th most liveable city in the world by Monocle magazine. Oslo's population was increasing at record rates during the early 2000s, making it the fastest growing major city in Europe at the time.
This called for the celebration of Oslo's millennium in 2000. It has been regarded as the capital city since the reign of Haakon V of Norway (1299–1319), the first king to reside permanently in the city.
It draws about 60,000 people to the Tøyen Park east in Oslo and lasts for four days. The Oslo International Church Music Festival has been held annually since 2000.
There are two houses, together containing over 2000 seats.
Oslo hosted the Biathlon World Championships in 1986, 1990, 2000, 2002 and 2016.
Oslo hosted the Biathlon World Championships in 1986, 1990, 2000, 2002 and 2016.
The stadium has previously hosted the finals of the UEFA Women's Championship in 1987 and 1997, and the 2002 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship.
There were also 1,019,4513 in the city's urban area and an estimated 1.71 million in the Greater Oslo Region, within of the city centre. According to the most recent census 432,000 Oslo residents (70.4% of the population) were ethnically Norwegian, an increase of 6% since 2002 (409,000).
The metropolitan area, bar Moss and Drammen, contributed 25% of the national GDP in 2003 and was also responsible for more than one quarter of tax revenues.
In 2003, Oslo received The European Sustainable City Award and in 2007 Reader's Digest ranked Oslo as number two on a list of the world's greenest, most liveable cities. The City of Oslo has set the goal of becoming a low carbon city, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions 95% from 1990 levels by 2030.
Furthermore, Oslo shares several important functions with Akershus county. === Boroughs === As defined in January 2004 by the city council In addition is Marka (1610 residents, 301.1 km2), that is administered by several boroughs; and Sentrum (1471 residents, 1.8 km2) that is partially administered by St.
A new National Museum in Oslo will open in 2020 located at Vestbanen behind the Nobel Peace Center. The Nobel Peace Center is an independent organisation opened on 11 June 2005 by the King Harald V as part of the celebrations to mark Norway's centenary as an independent country.
A whole group of oil and gas companies is situated in Oslo. According to a report compiled by Swiss bank UBS in the month of August 2006, Oslo and London were the world's most expensive cities. == Environment == Oslo is a compact city.
In 2003, Oslo received The European Sustainable City Award and in 2007 Reader's Digest ranked Oslo as number two on a list of the world's greenest, most liveable cities. The City of Oslo has set the goal of becoming a low carbon city, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions 95% from 1990 levels by 2030.
Oslo is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a global city and was ranked "Beta World City" in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network in 2008.
In 2008, an exhibition was held in London presenting the award-winning Oslo Opera House, the urban regeneration scheme of Oslo's seafront, Munch/Stenersen and the new Deichman Library.
Nearly half of those with education at tertiary level in Norway live in the Oslo region, placing it among Europe's top three regions in relation to education. In 2008, the total workforce in the greater Oslo region (5 counties) numbered 1,020,000 people.
The Opera was opened in 2008 and is a national landmark, designed by the Norwegian architectural firm, Snøhetta.
The Ibsen Quotes project completed in 2008 is a work of art consisting of 69 Ibsen quotations in stainless steel lettering which have been set into the granite sidewalks of the city's central streets. In recent years, novelists like Lars Saabye Christensen, Tove Nilsen, Suresh Chandra Shukla, Jo Nesbø and Roy Jacobsen have described the city and its people in their novels.
In the borough of Groruddalen in 2008 for instance, the ethnic Norwegian population decreased by 1,500, while the immigrant population increased by 1,600. Oslo has numerous religious communities.
By 2010 the immigrant population in the city was growing somewhat faster than the Norwegian population, and in the city proper this had become more than 25% of the total population if the children of immigrant parents are included. == Urban region == As of 23 November 2020, the municipality of Oslo had a population of 697,549.
Although it was founded in 1919, the Oslo Philharmonic can trace its roots to the founding of the Christiania Musikerforening (Christiania Musicians Society) by Edvard Grieg and Johan Svendsen in 1879. Oslo has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest twice, in 1996 and 2010. === Performing arts === Oslo houses over 20 theatres, such as the Norwegian Theatre and the National Theatre located at Karl Johan Street.
A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo.
In the early-20th century, Norwegians argued that a name memorialising a Danish king was inappropriate as the name of the capital of Norway, which became fully independent in 1905. In the 2011 Norway terror attacks, Oslo was hit by a bomb blast that ripped through the Government quarter, damaging several buildings including the building that houses the Office of the Prime Minister.
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been hosted in 1930, 1966, 1982 and 2011, as well as the 1952 Winter Olympics. Oslo is the home of several football clubs in the Norwegian league system.
Fewer than one in a hundred cases get solved. On 22 July 2011, Oslo was the site of one of two terrorist attacks: the bombing of Oslo government offices. == Transport == Oslo has Norway's most extensive public transport system, managed by Ruter.
It was ranked number one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine.
The governing mayor is Raymond Johansen. == Economy == Oslo has a varied and strong economy and was ranked number one among European large cities in economic potential in the fDi Magazine report European Cities of the Future 2012.
Green Oslo: Visions, Planning and Discourse (Ashgate 2012) online Stagg, Frank Noel.
In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)'s Worldwide Cost of Living study.
Other large immigrant groups are people from Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Turkey, Morocco, Iraq & Kurdistan region and Iran & Kordestan province. In 2013, 40% of Oslo's primary school pupils were registered as having a first language other than Norwegian or Sami.
They participate in the European Cup. Oslo was bidding to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, but later withdrew on 2 October 2014. === Tourism === In 2018 Oslo is named one of Lonely Planet's Top Ten Cities.
The largest parties in the City Council after the 2015-elections are the Labour Party and the Conservatives, with 20 and 19 representatives respectively. === 2015 elections === The Mayor of Oslo is the head of the City Council and the highest ranking representative of the city.
The Mayor of Oslo is Marianne Borgen. Since the local elections of 2015, the city government has been a coalition of the Labour Party, the Green Party and the Socialist Left.
In the 2015 update of the EIU's Worldwide Cost of Living survey, Oslo now ranks as the third most expensive city in the world.
In 2015, according to Statistics Norway annual report, there were 647,676 permanent residents in the Oslo municipality, of which 628,719 resided in the city proper.
Close to 6,000 ships dock at the Port of Oslo annually with a total of 6 million tonnes of cargo and over five million passengers. The GDP of Oslo totalled €64 billion (€96,000 per capita) in 2016, which amounted to 20% of the national GDP.
Oslo hosted the Biathlon World Championships in 1986, 1990, 2000, 2002 and 2016.
Oslo sits right on the border between [zones] 7a and 7b. May 2018 saw hotter than average temperatures throughout the month. On 30 May 2018, the city saw temperatures rise to , making it the hottest May temperature on Oslo records.
On 27 July 2018, the temperature in Oslo rose to , the hottest ever recorded since 1937, when the weather observations for Oslo have been conducted in the university area at Blindern.
The climate action plan for the Port of Oslo includes refitting ferry boats, implementing a low-carbon contracting process, and installing shore power for vessels which are docked. == Education == === Institutions of higher education === University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo (UiO))—undergraduate, graduate and PhD programs in most fields. Oslo Metropolitan University (Oslomet - Storbyuniversitetet), established 2018.
There are several food markets, the largest being Mathallen Food Hall at Vulkan with more than 30 specialty shops, cafés, and eateries. As of March 2018 six Oslo restaurants were mentioned in the Michelin Guide.
They participate in the European Cup. Oslo was bidding to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, but later withdrew on 2 October 2014. === Tourism === In 2018 Oslo is named one of Lonely Planet's Top Ten Cities.
The travel guide's best-selling yearbook Best in Travel has selected Oslo as one of the ten best cities in the world to visit in 2018, citing the Norwegian capital's "innovative architecture and unmissable museums alongside cool bars, bistros and cafés". == Crime == Oslo Police District is Norway's largest police district with over 2,300 employees.
As of 23 November 2020, the municipality of Oslo had a population of 697,549, while the population of the city's greater urban area was 1,019,513, as of 4 November 2019.
Following the local elections of 2019, the centre-left coalition remained in government. The Governing Mayor of Oslo is the head of the City government.
In 2019, 48.7% of the population were members of the Church of Norway, lower than the national average of 69.9%.
As of 23 November 2020, the municipality of Oslo had a population of 697,549, while the population of the city's greater urban area was 1,019,513, as of 4 November 2019.
By 2010 the immigrant population in the city was growing somewhat faster than the Norwegian population, and in the city proper this had become more than 25% of the total population if the children of immigrant parents are included. == Urban region == As of 23 November 2020, the municipality of Oslo had a population of 697,549.
As of 27 February 2020, 2386 residents were not allocated to a borough. == Name and seal== After being destroyed by a fire in 1624, during the reign of King Christian IV, a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king's honour.
A new National Museum in Oslo will open in 2020 located at Vestbanen behind the Nobel Peace Center. The Nobel Peace Center is an independent organisation opened on 11 June 2005 by the King Harald V as part of the celebrations to mark Norway's centenary as an independent country.
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