Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which was Boswell's, founded in 1738.
Hall's Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp & Sons in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford. Morrell's was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney.
Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud and temperature exist from 1767. The driest year on record was 1788, with of rainfall.
The wettest month on record was September 1774, with a total fall of .
He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.
Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud and temperature exist from 1767. The driest year on record was 1788, with of rainfall.
The Duke's Cut was completed by the Duke of Marlborough in 1789 to link the new canal with the River Thames; and, in 1796, the Oxford Canal company built its own link to the Thames, at Isis Lock.
William Turner (aka "Turner of Oxford", 1789–1862), was a watercolourist who painted landscapes in the Oxford area.
The city suffered two serious fires in 1644 and 1671. ===Late modern=== In 1790, the Oxford Canal connected the city with Coventry.
Joseph Haydn was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University in 1791, an event commemorated by three concerts of his music at the Sheldonian Theatre, directed by the composer and from which his Symphony No.
Clement's Brewery. The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in Paradise Street, and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall.
The Duke's Cut was completed by the Duke of Marlborough in 1789 to link the new canal with the River Thames; and, in 1796, the Oxford Canal company built its own link to the Thames, at Isis Lock.
These records are continuous from January 1815.
There were breweries in Brewer Street and Paradise Street, near the Castle Mill Stream. The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade.
The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844, but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north; it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route.
The line to was opened in 1850, and was extended to Birmingham Snow Hill in 1852; a route to Worcester opened in 1853.
Another terminus, at Rewley Road, was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route; this station closed in 1951.
The line to was opened in 1850, and was extended to Birmingham Snow Hill in 1852; a route to Worcester opened in 1853.
The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844, but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north; it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route.
The station is served by CrossCountry services to Bournemouth, Manchester Piccadilly and Newcastle, Great Western Railway (who manage the station) services to London Paddington, Banbury and Hereford and Chiltern Railways services to London Marylebone. The present railway station opened in 1852.
The line to was opened in 1850, and was extended to Birmingham Snow Hill in 1852; a route to Worcester opened in 1853.
Oxford was the original base of Salters Steamers (founded in 1858), which was a leading racing-boat-builder that played an important role in popularising pleasure boating on the Upper Thames.
The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was on 24 December 1860.
A branch to Witney was opened in 1862, which was extended to in 1873.
Ebbes, Morrell's Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in Park End Street and Wootten and Cole's St.
A branch to Witney was opened in 1862, which was extended to in 1873.
By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere.
The warmest year on record is 2014, with an average of and the coldest is 1879, both with a mean temperature of .
It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy. Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the University's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items.
The Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed as an official University sports club in 1921, and traces its history back to a match played against Cambridge in St Moritz, Switzerland in 1885.
In 1997, Oxford played host to Radio 1's Sound City, with acts such as Travis, Bentley Rhythm Ace, Embrace, Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city including Oxford Brookes University. It is also home to several brass bands, notably the City of Oxford Silver Band, founded in 1887. ===Art=== Art galleries in Oxford include the Ashmolean Museum, the Christ Church Picture Gallery, and Modern Art Oxford.
The boundaries were further extended in 1889 to add the areas of Grandpont and New Hinksey, south of the Thames, which were transferred from Berkshire to Oxfordshire.
Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at Brasenose, survived until 1889.
In 1890 Oxford became a county borough. Oxford Town Hall was built by Henry T.
The sunniest month on record is May 2020, with 331.7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny, with 5.0 hours.
The Oxford Art Society was established in 1891.
Hare; the foundation stone was laid on 6 July 1893 and opened by the future King Edward VII on 12 May 1897.
Hare; the foundation stone was laid on 6 July 1893 and opened by the future King Edward VII on 12 May 1897.
The greatest one-day snowfall is on 25 April 1908.
Another reminder of the ongoing war was found in the influx of wounded and disabled soldiers, who were treated in new hospitals housed in buildings such as the university's Examination School, the town hall and Somerville College. By the early 20th century, there was rapid industrial and population growth, with the printing and publishing industries becoming well established by the 1920s.
In 1929 the boundaries of the city were extended to include the suburbs of Headington, Cowley and Iffley to the east, and Wolvercote to the north. Also during the 1920s, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established Morris Motors Limited to mass-produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city.
The Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed as an official University sports club in 1921, and traces its history back to a match played against Cambridge in St Moritz, Switzerland in 1885.
Hall's Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp & Sons in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford. Morrell's was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney.
In 1929 the boundaries of the city were extended to include the suburbs of Headington, Cowley and Iffley to the east, and Wolvercote to the north. Also during the 1920s, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established Morris Motors Limited to mass-produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city.
At the end of the 2015 season, following relegation, the club left Oxford. ===Speedway and greyhound racing=== Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Oxford Stadium in Cowley on and off since 1939.
Four-times world champion Hans Nielsen was the club's most successful rider. Greyhound racing took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sport's leading events such as the Pall Mall Stakes, The Cesarewitch and Trafalgar Cup.
Another terminus, at Rewley Road, was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route; this station closed in 1951.
The university's colleges served as temporary military barracks and training areas for soldiers before deployment. On 6 May 1954, Roger Bannister, a 25-year-old medical student, ran the first authenticated sub-four-minute mile at the Iffley Road running track in Oxford.
The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962, but the others remain open. Oxford has had three main railway stations.
They were elected to the Football League in 1962, reached the Third Division after three years and the Second Division after six, and most notably reached the First Division in 1985 – 23 years after joining the Football League.
The warmest month on record is July 1983, with an average of and the coldest is January 1963, with an average of .
It is a dual carriageway, except for a 330-yard section of the A40 where two residential service roads adjoin, and was completed in 1966. ====A roads==== The main roads to/from Oxford are: A34 – a trunk route connecting the North and Midlands to the port of Southampton.
The greatest one-day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1968, with a total of .
By the early 1970s over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the huge Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher plants.
The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982. ===Publishing=== Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house.
The M40 approached Oxford in 1974, leading from London to Waterstock, where the A40 continued to Oxford.
Cowley suffered major job losses in the 1980s and 1990s during the decline of British Leyland, but is now producing the successful Mini for BMW on a smaller site.
They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989.
The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982. ===Publishing=== Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house.
The warmest month on record is July 1983, with an average of and the coldest is January 1963, with an average of .
The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982. ===Publishing=== Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house.
They were elected to the Football League in 1962, reached the Third Division after three years and the Second Division after six, and most notably reached the First Division in 1985 – 23 years after joining the Football League.
They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989.
They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989.
The university established Isis Innovation in 1987 to promote technology transfer.
The 18 years that followed relegation in 1988 saw their fortunes decline gradually, though a brief respite in 1996 saw them win promotion to the new (post Premier League) Division One in 1996 and stay there for three years.
They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989.
Cowley suffered major job losses in the 1980s and 1990s during the decline of British Leyland, but is now producing the successful Mini for BMW on a smaller site.
Much of the original car factories at Cowley was demolished in the 1990s, and is now the site of the Oxford Business Park. During the Second World War, Oxford was largely ignored by the German air raids during the Blitz, perhaps due to the lack of heavy industry such as steelworks or shipbuilding that would have made it a target, although it was still affected by the rationing and influx of refugees fleeing London and other cities.
The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982. ===Publishing=== Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house.
The Oxford Science Park was established in 1990, and the Begbroke Science Park, owned by the university, lies north of the city. Oxford increasingly has a reputation for being a centre of digital innovation, as epitomized by Digital Oxford.
He later returned to Oxford University and became Master of Pembroke College. Oxford's second university, Oxford Brookes University, formerly the Oxford School of Art, then Oxford Polytechnic, based at Headington Hill, was given its charter in 1991 and for ten years has been voted the best new university in the UK.
When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, it curved sharply north, and a mile of the old motorway became a spur.
The 18 years that followed relegation in 1988 saw their fortunes decline gradually, though a brief respite in 1996 saw them win promotion to the new (post Premier League) Division One in 1996 and stay there for three years.
Oxford Cavaliers, who were formed in 1996, compete at the next level, the Conference League South.
In 1997, Oxford played host to Radio 1's Sound City, with acts such as Travis, Bentley Rhythm Ace, Embrace, Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city including Oxford Brookes University. It is also home to several brass bands, notably the City of Oxford Silver Band, founded in 1887. ===Art=== Art galleries in Oxford include the Ashmolean Museum, the Christ Church Picture Gallery, and Modern Art Oxford.
After an acrimonious family dispute this much-loved brewery was closed in 1998, the beer brand names being taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery, while the 132 tied pubs were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain Fuddruckers, through a new company, Morrells of Oxford.
Since the completion of the Newbury bypass in 1998, this section of the A34 has been an entirely grade separated dual carriageway.
Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in Wallingford, south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999.
The principal production site for Mini cars, owned by BMW since 2000, is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley.
They play at the Kassam Stadium (named after former chairman Firoz Kassam), which is near the Blackbird Leys housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the Manor Ground in 2001.
The new owners sold most of the pubs on to Greene King in 2002.
The Islamic Azad University also has a campus near Oxford. ==Media== As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Oxford, Heart Thames Valley, Destiny 105, Jack FM and Jack FM 2 along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005).
They were relegated to the Football Conference in 2006, staying there for four seasons before returning to the Football League in 2010.
The Cheetahs competed in the Elite League and then the Conference League until 2007.
Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in Wallingford, south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999.
The skeletons of more than thirty suspected victims were unearthed in 2008 during the course of building work at St John's College.
In September 2016, it was ranked as the world's number one university, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching, with students attending an average of one one-hour tutorial a week. ===The city centre=== As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009), Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.
In September 2016, it was ranked as the world's number one university, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching, with students attending an average of one one-hour tutorial a week. ===The city centre=== As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009), Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.
The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment.
A local TV station, Six TV: The Oxford Channel, was also available but closed in April 2009; a service operated by That's TV, originally called That's Oxford (now That's Oxfordshire), took to the airwaves in 2015.
Secondary school students are able to gain either a reduced price pass, like pay a set fee for the month, or a free riding pass for the school year. In November 2014 all Oxford Bus Company buses within the Oxford SmartZone area have free WiFi installed. Hybrid buses, which use battery power with a small diesel generator, began to be used in Oxford on 15 July 2010, on Stagecoach Oxfordshire's Route 1 (City centre – Cowley – Blackbird Leys).
Nice (1996), autobiography of Howard Marks, subsequently a 2010 film A Discovery of Witches (2011) by Deborah Harkness First Class (2011) Endeavour (2012) The Reluctant Cannibals (2013) by Ian Flitcroft Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) ===Music=== Holywell Music Room is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence Britain's first concert hall.
They were relegated to the Football Conference in 2006, staying there for four seasons before returning to the Football League in 2010.
The Oxford Hockey Club (formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011) plays most of its home games on the pitch at Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls' School and Iffley Road.
Whereas, the wettest year was 2012, with .
Their most famous player was arguably Michael James Parsons known as Jim Parsons who was capped by England. Oxford University RFC are the most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining International honours; including Phil de Glanville, Joe Roff, Tyrone Howe, Anton Oliver, Simon Halliday, David Kirk and Rob Egerton. London Welsh RFC moved to the Kassam Stadium in 2012 to fulfil their Premiership entry criteria regarding stadium capacity.
Four-times world champion Hans Nielsen was the club's most successful rider. Greyhound racing took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sport's leading events such as the Pall Mall Stakes, The Cesarewitch and Trafalgar Cup.
The stadium remains intact but unused after closing in 2012. ===Hockey=== There are several hockey clubs based in Oxford.
was a semi-professional football club who ground-shared with Oxford City and played in the Hellenic league. ===Rugby league=== In 2013, Oxford Rugby League entered rugby league's semi-professional Championship 1, the third tier of British rugby league.
The warmest year on record is 2014, with an average of and the coldest is 1879, both with a mean temperature of .
Secondary school students are able to gain either a reduced price pass, like pay a set fee for the month, or a free riding pass for the school year. In November 2014 all Oxford Bus Company buses within the Oxford SmartZone area have free WiFi installed. Hybrid buses, which use battery power with a small diesel generator, began to be used in Oxford on 15 July 2010, on Stagecoach Oxfordshire's Route 1 (City centre – Cowley – Blackbird Leys).
In 2014 Oxford Bus introduced a fleet of 20 new buses with flywheel energy storage (FES) on the services it operates under contract for Oxford Brookes University.
This Oxford–Bicester line was upgraded to running during an 18-month closure in 2014/2015 – and is scheduled to be extended to form the planned East West Rail line to .
Chiltern Railways now connects Oxford to London Marylebone via , having sponsored the building of about 400 metres of new track between Bicester Village and the Chiltern Main Line southwards in 2014.
The Weston Library was redeveloped and reopened in 2015, with a new shop, café and exhibition galleries for visitors. ===Museums and galleries=== Oxford is home to many museums, galleries, and collections, most of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions.
A local TV station, Six TV: The Oxford Channel, was also available but closed in April 2009; a service operated by That's TV, originally called That's Oxford (now That's Oxfordshire), took to the airwaves in 2015.
At the end of the 2015 season, following relegation, the club left Oxford. ===Speedway and greyhound racing=== Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Oxford Stadium in Cowley on and off since 1939.
In September 2016, it was ranked as the world's number one university, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching, with students attending an average of one one-hour tutorial a week. ===The city centre=== As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009), Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.
In 2017, its population was estimated at 152,450.
In 2018, The Oxford Art Book featured many contemporary local artists and their depictions of Oxford scenes.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is on 25 July 2019. The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe Meteorological Station.
The sunniest month on record is May 2020, with 331.7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny, with 5.0 hours.
The store closed in 2020.
From August 2021, a new Zero Emission Zone will mean any vehicles which are not zero-emission will be banned from the a small group of city centre roads during certain hours.
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