By changing the positions of the arms in the linkage between the pointer arm and drawing arm, the scale of the image produced can be changed. In 1821, Professor William Wallace (1768–1843) invented the eidograph to improve upon the practical utility of the pantograph.
This device, now largely overtaken by computer guided router systems that scan a model and can produce it in a variety of materials and in any desired size, was invented by inventor and steam pioneer James Watt (1736–1819) and perfected by Benjamin Cheverton (1796–1876) in 1836.
A three-dimensional pantograph can also be used to enlarge sculpture by interchanging the position of the model and the copy. Another version is still very much in use to reduce the size of large relief designs for coins down to the required size of the coin. ===Acoustic cylinder duplication=== One advantage of phonograph and gramophone discs over cylinders in the 1890s—before electronic amplification was available—was that large numbers of discs could be stamped quickly and cheaply.
In 1890, the only ways of manufacturing copies of a master cylinder were to mold the cylinders (which was slow and, early on, produced very poor copies), to record cylinders by the "round", over and over again, or to acoustically copy the sound by placing the horns of two phonographs together or to hook the two together with a rubber tube (one phonograph recording and the other playing the cylinder back).
The openings in these gates are too large to meet modern baby gate safety standards. Herman Hollerith's "Keyboard punch" used for the 1890 U.S.
This was employed by Edison and Columbia in 1898, and was used until about January 1902 (Columbia brown waxes after this were molded).
This was employed by Edison and Columbia in 1898, and was used until about January 1902 (Columbia brown waxes after this were molded).
Pathé employed this system with mastering their vertically-cut records until 1923; a , master cylinder, rotating at a high speed, would be recorded on.
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