The target was the International Computers Limited (ICL) 1900 series.
ALGOL was developed during the 1950s with the explicit goal of being able to clearly describe algorithms.
Extensions to the Pascal concepts led to the languages Modula-2 and Oberon. ==History== ===Earlier efforts=== Much of the history of computer language design during the 1960s can be traced to the ALGOL 60 language.
It included a number of features for structured programming that remain common in languages to this day. Shortly after its introduction, in 1962 Wirth began working on his dissertation with Helmut Weber on the Euler programming language.
The language was published in 1965. By this time, a number of problems in ALGOL had been identified, notably the lack of a standardized string system.
In 1968, Wirth decided to abandon the ALGOL X process and further improve ALGOL W, releasing this as Pascal in 1970. On top of ALGOL's scalars and arrays, Pascal enabled defining complex datatypes and building dynamic and recursive data structures such as lists, trees and graphs.
Niklaus Wirth reports that a first attempt to implement it in FORTRAN 66 in 1969 was unsuccessful due to FORTRAN 66's inadequacy to express complex data structures.
In 1968, Wirth decided to abandon the ALGOL X process and further improve ALGOL W, releasing this as Pascal in 1970. On top of ALGOL's scalars and arrays, Pascal enabled defining complex datatypes and building dynamic and recursive data structures such as lists, trees and graphs.
This is similar to the block structure of ALGOL 60, but restricted from arbitrary block statements to just procedures and functions. Pascal became very successful in the 1970s, notably on the burgeoning minicomputer market.
Compilers were also available for many microcomputers as the field emerged in the late 1970s.
For example, a standard text output application from 1970's original Pascal can be recompiled to work in a window and even have graphical constructs added. Pascal-XT was created by Siemens for their mainframe operating systems BS2000 and SINIX. PocketStudio is a Pascal subset compiler and RAD tool for Palm OS and MC68xxx processors with some of its own extensions to assist interfacing with the Palm OS API.
ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Volume 28, No 3, March 1993. Academic programming languages Articles with example Pascal code Educational programming languages High-level programming languages Programming languages created in 1970 Programming languages with an ISO standard 1970 software
35–63, Acta Informatica, Volume 1, 1971. C.
The GNU Pascal compiler is one notable exception, being written in C. The first successful port of the CDC Pascal compiler to another mainframe was completed by Welsh and Quinn at the Queen's University of Belfast (QUB) in 1972.
Academic Press, 1972. C.
It is thought that Multum Pascal, which was completed in the summer of 1973, may have been the first 16-bit implementation. A completely new compiler was completed by Welsh et al.
However, the addition of ALGOL-like empty statements in the 1973 Revised Report and later changes to the language in ISO 7185:1983 now allow for optional semicolons in most of these cases.
335–355, Acta Informatica, Volume 2, 1973. Kathleen Jensen and Niklaus Wirth: Pascal – User Manual and Report.
In 1989, ISO 7185 was revised (ISO 7185:1990) to correct various errors and ambiguities found in the original document. The ISO 7185 was stated to be a clarification of Wirth's 1974 language as detailed by the User Manual and Report [Jensen and Wirth], but was also notable for adding "Conformant Array Parameters" as a level 1 to the standard, level 0 being Pascal without conformant arrays.
Similar considerations motivated the inclusion in ISO 7185 of the facility to specify the parameter types of procedural and functional parameters. Niklaus Wirth himself referred to the 1974 language as "the Standard", for example, to differentiate it from the machine specific features of the CDC 6000 compiler.
Springer-Verlag, 1974, 1985, 1991, and . Niklaus Wirth: Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs.
Prentice-Hall, 1975, . Niklaus Wirth: An assessment of the programming language Pascal.
23–30 ACM SIGPLAN Notices Volume 10, Issue 6, June 1975. N.
Development for Pascal-SC started in 1978 supporting ISO 7185 Pascal level 0, but level 2 support was added at a later stage.
It was widely used as a teaching language in university-level programming courses in the 1980s, and also used in production settings for writing commercial software during the same period.
It was displaced by the C programming language during the late 1980s and early 1990s as UNIX-based systems became popular, and especially with the release of C++. A derivative named Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985.
This was used by Apple Computer and Borland in the late 1980s and later developed into Delphi on the Microsoft Windows platform.
Apollo Computer used Pascal as the systems programming language for its operating systems beginning in 1980. Variants of Pascal have also been used for everything from research projects to PC games and embedded systems.
This implementation was ported in 1980 to the ICL 2900 series by a team based at Southampton University and Glasgow University.
In 1985 Larry Tesler, in consultation with Niklaus Wirth, defined Object Pascal and these extensions were incorporated in both the Lisa Pascal and Mac Pascal compilers. In the 1980s, Anders Hejlsberg wrote the Blue Label Pascal compiler for the Nascom-2.
Turbo Pascal 5.5 had a large influence on the Pascal community, which began concentrating mainly on the IBM PC in the late 1980s.
It implements a subset of full Pascal. P5 compiler is an ISO 7185 (full Pascal) adaption of P4. Smart Mobile Studio is a Pascal to HTML5/Javascript compiler Turbo Pascal was the dominant Pascal compiler for PCs during the 1980s and early 1990s, popular both because of its powerful extensions and extremely short compilation times.
IEEE Computer Society Press, 1980 D.
John Wiley 1981, Peter Grogono: Programming in Pascal, Revised Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1980 Richard S.
Brian Kernighan, who popularized the C language, outlined his most notable criticisms of Pascal as early as 1981 in his article "Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language".
John Wiley 1981, Peter Grogono: Programming in Pascal, Revised Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1980 Richard S.
Forsyth: Pascal in Work and Play, Chapman and Hall, 1982 N.
This led initially to Clascal, introduced in 1983.
Some of the Pascal-SC language extensions have been adopted by GNU Pascal. Pascal Sol was designed around 1983 by a French team to implement a Unix-like system named Sol.
The Standard Pascal Model Implementation was also based on this compiler, having been adapted, by Welsh and Hay at Manchester University in 1984, to check rigorously for conformity to the BSI 6192/ISO 7185 Standard and to generate code for a portable abstract machine. The first Pascal compiler written in North America was constructed at the University of Illinois under Donald B.
It was displaced by the C programming language during the late 1980s and early 1990s as UNIX-based systems became popular, and especially with the release of C++. A derivative named Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985.
This was introduced on the Mac in 1985 as part of the MacApp application framework, and became Apple's main development language into the early 1990s. The Object Pascal extensions were added to Turbo Pascal with the release of version 5.5 in 1989.
In 1985 Larry Tesler, in consultation with Niklaus Wirth, defined Object Pascal and these extensions were incorporated in both the Lisa Pascal and Mac Pascal compilers. In the 1980s, Anders Hejlsberg wrote the Blue Label Pascal compiler for the Nascom-2.
Springer-Verlag, 1974, 1985, 1991, and . Niklaus Wirth: Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs.
It was written and highly optimized entirely in assembly language, making it smaller and faster than much of the competition. In 1986, Anders ported Turbo Pascal to the Macintosh and incorporated Apple's Object Pascal extensions into Turbo Pascal.
This was introduced on the Mac in 1985 as part of the MacApp application framework, and became Apple's main development language into the early 1990s. The Object Pascal extensions were added to Turbo Pascal with the release of version 5.5 in 1989.
In 1989, ISO 7185 was revised (ISO 7185:1990) to correct various errors and ambiguities found in the original document. The ISO 7185 was stated to be a clarification of Wirth's 1974 language as detailed by the User Manual and Report [Jensen and Wirth], but was also notable for adding "Conformant Array Parameters" as a level 1 to the standard, level 0 being Pascal without conformant arrays.
It was displaced by the C programming language during the late 1980s and early 1990s as UNIX-based systems became popular, and especially with the release of C++. A derivative named Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985.
This was introduced on the Mac in 1985 as part of the MacApp application framework, and became Apple's main development language into the early 1990s. The Object Pascal extensions were added to Turbo Pascal with the release of version 5.5 in 1989.
It implements a subset of full Pascal. P5 compiler is an ISO 7185 (full Pascal) adaption of P4. Smart Mobile Studio is a Pascal to HTML5/Javascript compiler Turbo Pascal was the dominant Pascal compiler for PCs during the 1980s and early 1990s, popular both because of its powerful extensions and extremely short compilation times.
Many UCSD language features survive today, including in Borland's dialect. ===ISO/IEC 10206:1990 Extended Pascal=== In 1990, an extended Pascal standard was created as ISO/IEC 10206, which is identical in technical content to IEEE/ANSI 770X3.160-1989 As of 2019, Support of Extended Pascal in FreePascal Compiler is planned. ===Variations=== Niklaus Wirth's Zürich version of Pascal was issued outside ETH in two basic forms: the CDC 6000 compiler source, and a porting kit called Pascal-P system.
Although UCSD Pascal actually expanded the subset Pascal in the Pascal-P kit by adding back standard Pascal constructs, it was still not a complete standard installation of Pascal. In the early 1990s, Alan Burns and Geoff Davies developed Pascal-FC, an extension to Pl/0 (from the Niklaus' book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs).
Since the early 1990s, however, most of the varieties seem condensed into two categories: ISO and Borland-like.
Springer-Verlag, 1974, 1985, 1991, and . Niklaus Wirth: Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs.
ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Volume 28, No 3, March 1993. Academic programming languages Articles with example Pascal code Educational programming languages High-level programming languages Programming languages created in 1970 Programming languages with an ISO standard 1970 software
It was moved to the 80386 machine types in 1994, and exists today as Windows/XP and Linux implementations.
There is some support for Mac-pascal, however. Virtual Pascal was created by Vitaly Miryanov in 1995 as a native OS/2 compiler compatible with Borland Pascal syntax.
Then, it had been commercially developed by fPrint, adding Win32 support, and in 2000 it became freeware.
Springer-Verlag, 2002, N.
Development was canceled on April 4, 2005. P4 compiler, the basis for many subsequent Pascal-implemented-in-Pascal compilers.
In 2008, the system was brought up to a new level and the resulting language termed "Pascaline" (after Pascal's calculator).
Many UCSD language features survive today, including in Borland's dialect. ===ISO/IEC 10206:1990 Extended Pascal=== In 1990, an extended Pascal standard was created as ISO/IEC 10206, which is identical in technical content to IEEE/ANSI 770X3.160-1989 As of 2019, Support of Extended Pascal in FreePascal Compiler is planned. ===Variations=== Niklaus Wirth's Zürich version of Pascal was issued outside ETH in two basic forms: the CDC 6000 compiler source, and a porting kit called Pascal-P system.
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