Paul Cézanne ( , also , , ; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century. Cézanne is said to have formed the bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism and the early 20th century's new line of artistic enquiry, Cubism.
Paul Cézanne was born on 19 January 1839 in Aix-en-Provence.
In 1852 Cézanne entered the Collège Bourbon in Aix (now Collège Mignet), where he became friends with Émile Zola, who was in a less advanced class, as well as Baptistin Baille—three friends who came to be known as "Les Trois Inséparables" (The Three Inseparables).
In 1857, he began attending the Free Municipal School of Drawing in Aix, where he studied drawing under Joseph Gibert, a Spanish monk.
From 1858 to 1861, complying with his father's wishes, Cézanne attended the law school of the University of Aix, while also receiving drawing lessons. Going against the objections of his banker father, he committed himself to pursue his artistic development and left Aix for Paris in 1861.
They differ sharply from his earlier watercolours and sketches at the École Spéciale de dessin at Aix-en-Provence in 1859, and their violence of expression is in contrast to his subsequent works. In 1866–67, inspired by the example of Courbet, Cézanne painted a series of paintings with a palette knife.
In that year also, Cézanne's father died, leaving him the estate purchased in 1859; he was 47.
From 1858 to 1861, complying with his father's wishes, Cézanne attended the law school of the University of Aix, while also receiving drawing lessons. Going against the objections of his banker father, he committed himself to pursue his artistic development and left Aix for Paris in 1861.
He died a few days later, on 22 October 1906 of pneumonia at the age of 67, and was buried at the Saint-Pierre Cemetery in his hometown of Aix-en-Provence. ==Main periods of Cézanne's work== Various periods in the work and life of Cézanne have been defined. ===Dark period, Paris, 1861–1870=== In 1863 Napoleon III created by decree the Salon des Refusés, at which paintings rejected for display at the Salon of the Académie des Beaux-Arts were to be displayed.
Cézanne's innovations have prompted critics to suggest such varied explanations as sick retinas, pure vision, and the influence of the steam railway. ===Exhibitions and subjects=== Cézanne's paintings were shown in the first exhibition of the Salon des Refusés in 1863, which displayed works not accepted by the jury of the official Paris Salon.
He died a few days later, on 22 October 1906 of pneumonia at the age of 67, and was buried at the Saint-Pierre Cemetery in his hometown of Aix-en-Provence. ==Main periods of Cézanne's work== Various periods in the work and life of Cézanne have been defined. ===Dark period, Paris, 1861–1870=== In 1863 Napoleon III created by decree the Salon des Refusés, at which paintings rejected for display at the Salon of the Académie des Beaux-Arts were to be displayed.
The Salon rejected Cézanne's submissions every year from 1864 to 1869.
A., probably Portrait of Louis-Auguste Cézanne, The Artist's Father, Reading "L'Événement", 1866 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), his first and last successful submission to the Salon. Before 1895 Cézanne exhibited twice with the Impressionists (at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874 and the third Impressionist exhibition in 1877).
They differ sharply from his earlier watercolours and sketches at the École Spéciale de dessin at Aix-en-Provence in 1859, and their violence of expression is in contrast to his subsequent works. In 1866–67, inspired by the example of Courbet, Cézanne painted a series of paintings with a palette knife.
The Salon rejected Cézanne's submissions every year from 1864 to 1869.
He was declared a draft dodger in January 1871, but the war ended the next month, in February, and the couple moved back to Paris, in the summer of 1871.
After the birth of their son Paul in January 1872, in Paris, they moved to Auvers in Val-d'Oise near Paris.
A., probably Portrait of Louis-Auguste Cézanne, The Artist's Father, Reading "L'Événement", 1866 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), his first and last successful submission to the Salon. Before 1895 Cézanne exhibited twice with the Impressionists (at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874 and the third Impressionist exhibition in 1877).
In 1875, he attracted the attention of the collector Victor Chocquet, whose commissions provided some financial relief.
A., probably Portrait of Louis-Auguste Cézanne, The Artist's Father, Reading "L'Événement", 1866 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), his first and last successful submission to the Salon. Before 1895 Cézanne exhibited twice with the Impressionists (at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874 and the third Impressionist exhibition in 1877).
Reviewer Louis Leroy said of Cézanne's portrait of Chocquet: "This peculiar looking head, the colour of an old boot might give [a pregnant woman] a shock and cause yellow fever in the fruit of her womb before its entry into the world." In March 1878, Cézanne's father found out about Hortense and threatened to cut Cézanne off financially, but, in September, he relented and decided to give him 400 francs for his family.
He painted with Renoir there in 1882 and visited Renoir and Monet in 1883. ===Mature period, Provence, 1878–1890=== In the early 1880s the Cézanne family stabilized their residence in Provence where they remained, except for brief sojourns abroad, from then on.
Cézanne continued to migrate between the Paris region and Provence until Louis-Auguste had a studio built for him at his home, Bastide du Jas de Bouffan, in the early 1880s.
He painted with Renoir there in 1882 and visited Renoir and Monet in 1883. ===Mature period, Provence, 1878–1890=== In the early 1880s the Cézanne family stabilized their residence in Provence where they remained, except for brief sojourns abroad, from then on.
A run of paintings of this mountain from 1880 to 1883 and others of Gardanne from 1885 to 1888 are sometimes known as "the Constructive Period". The year 1886 was a turning point for the family.
He continued to submit works to the Salon until 1882.
He painted with Renoir there in 1882 and visited Renoir and Monet in 1883. ===Mature period, Provence, 1878–1890=== In the early 1880s the Cézanne family stabilized their residence in Provence where they remained, except for brief sojourns abroad, from then on.
He painted with Renoir there in 1882 and visited Renoir and Monet in 1883. ===Mature period, Provence, 1878–1890=== In the early 1880s the Cézanne family stabilized their residence in Provence where they remained, except for brief sojourns abroad, from then on.
A run of paintings of this mountain from 1880 to 1883 and others of Gardanne from 1885 to 1888 are sometimes known as "the Constructive Period". The year 1886 was a turning point for the family.
A run of paintings of this mountain from 1880 to 1883 and others of Gardanne from 1885 to 1888 are sometimes known as "the Constructive Period". The year 1886 was a turning point for the family.
A run of paintings of this mountain from 1880 to 1883 and others of Gardanne from 1885 to 1888 are sometimes known as "the Constructive Period". The year 1886 was a turning point for the family.
A letter from 1887 demonstrates that their friendship did endure for at least some time after. ===Final period, Provence, 1890–1906=== Cézanne's idyllic period at Jas de Bouffan was temporary.
A run of paintings of this mountain from 1880 to 1883 and others of Gardanne from 1885 to 1888 are sometimes known as "the Constructive Period". The year 1886 was a turning point for the family.
By 1888 the family was in the former manor, Jas de Bouffan, a substantial house and grounds with outbuildings, which afforded a new-found comfort.
A letter from 1887 demonstrates that their friendship did endure for at least some time after. ===Final period, Provence, 1890–1906=== Cézanne's idyllic period at Jas de Bouffan was temporary.
From 1890 until his death he was beset by troubling events and he withdrew further into his painting, spending long periods as a virtual recluse.
His paintings became well-known and sought after and he was the object of respect from a new generation of painters. The problems began with the onset of diabetes in 1890, destabilizing his personality to the point where relationships with others were again strained.
In 1891 he turned to Catholicism. Cézanne alternated between painting at Jas de Bouffan and in the Paris region, as before.
A., probably Portrait of Louis-Auguste Cézanne, The Artist's Father, Reading "L'Événement", 1866 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), his first and last successful submission to the Salon. Before 1895 Cézanne exhibited twice with the Impressionists (at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874 and the third Impressionist exhibition in 1877).
In later years a few individual paintings were shown at various venues, until 1895, when the Parisian dealer, Ambroise Vollard, gave the artist his first solo exhibition.
In 1895, he made a germinal visit to Bibémus Quarries and climbed Montagne Sainte-Victoire.
The labyrinthine landscape of the quarries must have struck a note, as he rented a cabin there in 1897 and painted extensively from it.
In 1901 he bought some land along the Chemin des Lauves, an isolated road on some high ground at Aix, and commissioned a studio to be built there (now open to the public).
Meanwhile, in 1902, he had drafted a will excluding his wife from his estate and leaving everything to his son.
In 1903 Henri Rochefort visited the auction of paintings that had been in Zola's possession and published on 9 March 1903 in L'Intransigeant a highly critical article entitled "Love for the Ugly".
He moved there in 1903.
The relationship was apparently off again; she is said to have burned the mementos of his mother. From 1903 to the end of his life he painted in his studio, working for a month in 1904 with Émile Bernard, who stayed as a house guest.
The relationship was apparently off again; she is said to have burned the mementos of his mother. From 1903 to the end of his life he painted in his studio, working for a month in 1904 with Émile Bernard, who stayed as a house guest.
Paul Cézanne ( , also , , ; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century. Cézanne is said to have formed the bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism and the early 20th century's new line of artistic enquiry, Cubism.
He died a few days later, on 22 October 1906 of pneumonia at the age of 67, and was buried at the Saint-Pierre Cemetery in his hometown of Aix-en-Provence. ==Main periods of Cézanne's work== Various periods in the work and life of Cézanne have been defined. ===Dark period, Paris, 1861–1870=== In 1863 Napoleon III created by decree the Salon des Refusés, at which paintings rejected for display at the Salon of the Académie des Beaux-Arts were to be displayed.
After Cézanne died in 1906, his paintings were exhibited in a large museum-like retrospective in Paris, September 1907.
After Cézanne died in 1906, his paintings were exhibited in a large museum-like retrospective in Paris, September 1907.
The 1907 Cézanne retrospective at the Salon d'Automne greatly affected the direction that the avant-garde in Paris took, lending credence to his position as one of the most influential artists of the 19th century and to the advent of Cubism. Inspired by Cézanne, Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote: Cézanne is one of the greatest of those who changed the course of art history .
(Du "Cubisme", 1912) Ernest Hemingway compared his writing to Cézanne’s landscapes.
"Among Keller’s objections to the provenance description on the foundation’s website is the failure to note that the pre-war owners, Berthold and Martha Nothmann, were forced to flee Germany as Jews in 1939." ==Gallery== ===Paintings=== ===Still life paintings=== ===Watercolours=== ===Portraits and self-portraits=== ==See also== List of paintings by Paul Cézanne Cézanne (typeface) Post-Impressionism Marie-Hortense Fiquet List of artwork associated with Agnes E.
In his 1945 essay entitled "Cézanne's Doubt", Merleau-Ponty discusses how Cézanne gave up classic artistic elements such as pictorial arrangements, single view perspectives, and outlines that enclosed color in an attempt to get a "lived perspective" by capturing all the complexities that an eye observes.
It was recovered in a Serbian police raid in 2012. The 2016 film Cézanne and I explores the friendship between the artist and Émile Zola. ==Art market== On 10 May 1999, Cézanne's painting Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier sold for $60.5 million, the fourth-highest price paid for a painting up to that time.
As of 2006, it was the most expensive still life ever sold at an auction.
Picasso referred to Cézanne as "the father of us all" and claimed him as "my one and only master!" Other painters such as Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Paul Gauguin, Kasimir Malevich, Georges Rouault, Paul Klee, and Henri Matisse acknowledged Cézanne's genius. Cézanne's painting The Boy in the Red Vest was stolen from a Swiss museum in 2008.
One of Cézanne's The Card Players was sold in 2011 to the Royal Family of Qatar for a price variously estimated at between $250 million ($ million today) and possibly as high as $300 million ($ million today), either price signifying a new mark for highest price for a painting up to that date.
It was recovered in a Serbian police raid in 2012. The 2016 film Cézanne and I explores the friendship between the artist and Émile Zola. ==Art market== On 10 May 1999, Cézanne's painting Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier sold for $60.5 million, the fourth-highest price paid for a painting up to that time.
The painting, Paysage, had already been flagged as potentially problematic in the 2015 Schwarzbuch Bührle: Raubkunst für das Kunsthaus Zürich?.
It was recovered in a Serbian police raid in 2012. The 2016 film Cézanne and I explores the friendship between the artist and Émile Zola. ==Art market== On 10 May 1999, Cézanne's painting Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier sold for $60.5 million, the fourth-highest price paid for a painting up to that time.
. Gino Zaccaria, The Enigma of Art, Brill, Leide-Boston 2021. == Further reading == Danchev, Alex (2012) Paul Cézanne: A Life, New York: Pantheon, Danchev, Alex (2013) The Letters of Paul Cézanne, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, == External links == National Gallery of Art, Cézanne in Provence Getty Research Institute.
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