Those who are allergic to penicillin are most often given cephalosporin C (another β-lactam antibiotic) because there is only 10% crossover in allergy between the penicillins and cephalosporins. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming as a crude extract of P.
It was coined by Alexander Fleming on 7 March 1929 when he discovered the antibacterial property of Penicillium rubens.
The name was "to avoid the repetition of the rather cumbersome phrase 'Mould broth filtrate,' the name 'penicillin' will be used," as Fleming explained in his 1929 paper in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology.
Fleming's student Cecil George Paine was the first to successfully use penicillin to treat eye infection (ophthalmia neonatorum) in 1930.
The purified compound (penicillin F) was isolated in 1940 by a research team led by Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain at the University of Oxford.
In the 1940s, a vial of 5,000 Oxford units was standard, but the depending on the batch, could contain anything from 15 mg to 20 mg of penicillin.
Fleming first used the purified penicillin to treat streptococcal meningitis in 1942.
For the discovery, Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Florey and Chain. There are several semi-synthetic penicillins which are effective against a broader spectrum of bacteria: these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. == Nomenclature == The term "penicillin" is defined as the natural product of Penicillium mould with antimicrobial activity.
The name thus refers to the scientific name of the mould, as described by Fleming in his Nobel lecture in 1945:I have been frequently asked why I invented the name "Penicillin".
There were many efforts in the 1960s and 1970s to develop antibiotics that are active against Pseudomonas species.
There were many efforts in the 1960s and 1970s to develop antibiotics that are active against Pseudomonas species.
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