An idea of an international court of justice arose in the political world at the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899, where it was declared that arbitration between states was the easiest solution to disputes, providing a temporary panel of judges to arbitrate in such cases, the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
At the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907, a draft convention for a permanent Court of Arbitral Justice was written although disputes and other pressing business at the Conference meant that such a body was never established, owing to difficulties agreeing on a procedure to select the judges.
Created in 1920 (although the idea of an international court was several centuries old), the Court was initially well-received from states and academics alike, with many cases submitted to it for its first decade of operation. Between 1922 and 1940 the Court heard a total of 29 cases and delivered 27 separate advisory opinions.
In June 1920, an Advisory Committee of jurists appointed by the League of Nations finally established a working guideline for the appointment of judges, and the Committee was then authorised to draft a constitution for a permanent court not of arbitration but of justice.
The Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice was accepted in Geneva on December 13, 1920. The Court first sat on 30 January 1922, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, covering preliminary business during the first session (such as establishing procedure and appointing officers) Nine judges sat, along with three deputies, since Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven, Ruy Barbosa and Wang Ch'ung-hui were unable to attend, the last being at the Washington Naval Conference.
The United States and the World Court, 1920–1935 (1988). Kahn, Gilbert N.
The only requirements for judges were "high moral character" and "the qualifications required in their respective countries [for] the highest judicial offices" or to be "jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law". The first panel was elected on 14 September 1921, with the 4 deputies being elected on the 16th.
The Permanent Court of International Justice, often called the World Court, existed from 1922 to 1946.
Created in 1920 (although the idea of an international court was several centuries old), the Court was initially well-received from states and academics alike, with many cases submitted to it for its first decade of operation. Between 1922 and 1940 the Court heard a total of 29 cases and delivered 27 separate advisory opinions.
The Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice was accepted in Geneva on December 13, 1920. The Court first sat on 30 January 1922, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, covering preliminary business during the first session (such as establishing procedure and appointing officers) Nine judges sat, along with three deputies, since Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven, Ruy Barbosa and Wang Ch'ung-hui were unable to attend, the last being at the Washington Naval Conference.
The Court was given nine cases during 1922 and 1969, however, with judgments called "cases" and advisory opinions called "questions".
When the Court met for its initial session, opened on 30 January 1922 to allow for the establishment of procedure and the appointment of Court officials, the Secretary-General of the League of Nations passed an emergency resolution through the Assembly, which designated an official of the League and his staff as the Registrar and Registry respectively, with the first Registrar being Åke Hammarskjöld.
Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight." Diplomatic History 4.2 (1980): 137–160. ==External links== Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) 1922–1946 Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders in PDF Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS (2010) and Contents & Indexes Searchable text of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and PCIJ documentation Organisations based in The Hague Defunct courts Courts and tribunals established in 1922 Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1946
Three cases were disposed of during the Court's first session, one during an extraordinary sitting between 8 January and 7 February 1923 (the Tunis-Morocco Nationality Question), four during the second ordinary sitting between 15 June 1923 and 15 September 1923 (Eastern Carelia Question, S.S.
"Wimbledon" case, German Settlers Question, Acquisition of Polish Nationality Question) and one during a second extraordinary session from 12 November to 6 December 1923 (Jaworznia Question).
A replacement for Ruy Barbosa (who had died on 1 March 1923 without hearing any cases) was also found, with the election of Epitácio Pessoa on 10 September 1923.
Harding had first suggested US involvement in 1923, and on 9 December 1929, three court protocols were signed.
At the elections on 4 September 1924, André Weiss was again elected Vice-President and Max Huber became the second President of the Court.
The court heard two cases, providing one judgment and one advisory opinion; a second question on German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, this time a judgment rather than an advisory opinion, and an advisory opinion on the International Labour Organization. Despite the reduction of work in 1926, 1927 was another busy year, the Court sitting continuously from 15 June to 16 December, handing down 4 orders, 4 judgments and 1 advisory opinion.
The court heard two cases, providing one judgment and one advisory opinion; a second question on German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, this time a judgment rather than an advisory opinion, and an advisory opinion on the International Labour Organization. Despite the reduction of work in 1926, 1927 was another busy year, the Court sitting continuously from 15 June to 16 December, handing down 4 orders, 4 judgments and 1 advisory opinion.
The Court was mandated to open on 15 June each year and continue until all cases were finished, with extraordinary sessions if required; by 1927, there were more extraordinary sessions than ordinary ones.
In 1927, the Court appointed a committee to look at this issue, and it reported that "where there are in fact contending parties, the difference between contentious cases and advisory cases is only nominal...
In 1927, the post of Deputy-Registrar was created, tasked with dealing with legal research for the Court and answering all diplomatic correspondence received by the Registry. The first Deputy-Registrar was Paul Ruegger; after his resignation on 17 August 1928, Julio Lopez Olivan was selected to succeed him.
Weiss died the following year, and John Bassett Moore resigned; Max Huber was elected Vice-President on 12 September 1928 to succeed Weiss, while a second death (Lord Finlay) left the Court increasingly understaffed.
In 1927, the post of Deputy-Registrar was created, tasked with dealing with legal research for the Court and answering all diplomatic correspondence received by the Registry. The first Deputy-Registrar was Paul Ruegger; after his resignation on 17 August 1928, Julio Lopez Olivan was selected to succeed him.
Replacements for Moore and Finlay were elected on 19 September 1929; Henri Fromageot and Cecil Hurst respectively. After the second round of elections in September 1930, the Court was reorganised.
Harding had first suggested US involvement in 1923, and on 9 December 1929, three court protocols were signed.
With the heightened international tension in the 1930s, the Court became less used.
Replacements for Moore and Finlay were elected on 19 September 1929; Henri Fromageot and Cecil Hurst respectively. After the second round of elections in September 1930, the Court was reorganised.
As such, they were allowed to act as counsel in international cases where they were not sitting as judges. In 1930, the number of judges was increased to 15, and a new set of elections were held.
The election was held on 25 September 1930, with 14 candidates receiving a majority on the first ballot and a 15th, Francisco José Urrutia, receiving a majority on the second.
On 16 January 1931 Mineichirō Adachi was appointed President, and Gustavo Guerrero Vice-President. ===United States never joins=== The United States never joined the World Court, primarily because enemies of the League of Nations in the Senate argued that the Court was too closely linked to the League of Nations.
Olivan resigned in 1931 to take over from Hammarskjöld as Registrar, and was replaced by M.
The treaty failed by seven votes on January 29, 1935. The United States finally accepted the Court's jurisdiction on 28 December 1935, but the treaty was never ratified, and the U.S.
This period was marked by growing international tension, however, with Japan and Germany announcing their withdrawal from the League of Nations, to come into effect in 1935.
The Court's business continued to be small in 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939 although 1937 was marked by Monaco's acceptance of the Court protocol.
"The Roosevelt Administration and the World Court Defeat, 1935." Historian 40.3 (1978): 463–478. Dunne, Michael.
Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight." Diplomatic History 4.2 (1980): 137–160. ==External links== Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) 1922–1946 Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders in PDF Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS (2010) and Contents & Indexes Searchable text of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and PCIJ documentation Organisations based in The Hague Defunct courts Courts and tribunals established in 1922 Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1946
The Court's business continued to be small in 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939 although 1937 was marked by Monaco's acceptance of the Court protocol.
The Court's business continued to be small in 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939 although 1937 was marked by Monaco's acceptance of the Court protocol.
The Court's business continued to be small in 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939 although 1937 was marked by Monaco's acceptance of the Court protocol.
The Court's business continued to be small in 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939 although 1937 was marked by Monaco's acceptance of the Court protocol.
Created in 1920 (although the idea of an international court was several centuries old), the Court was initially well-received from states and academics alike, with many cases submitted to it for its first decade of operation. Between 1922 and 1940 the Court heard a total of 29 cases and delivered 27 separate advisory opinions.
The Court's judicial output in 1940 consisted entirely of a set of orders, completed in a meeting between 19 and 26 February, caused by an international situation, which left the Court with "uncertain prospects for the future".
Informed that the situation would not be tolerated after diplomatic missions from other nations left The Hague on 16 July, the President and Registrar left the Netherlands and moved to Switzerland, accompanied by their staff. The Court was unable to meet between 1941 and 1944, but the framework remained intact, and it soon became apparent that the Court would be dissolved.
In 1943, an international panel met to consider "the question of the Permanent Court of International Justice", meeting from 20 March to 10 February 1944.
Informed that the situation would not be tolerated after diplomatic missions from other nations left The Hague on 16 July, the President and Registrar left the Netherlands and moved to Switzerland, accompanied by their staff. The Court was unable to meet between 1941 and 1944, but the framework remained intact, and it soon became apparent that the Court would be dissolved.
In 1943, an international panel met to consider "the question of the Permanent Court of International Justice", meeting from 20 March to 10 February 1944.
Between 21 August and 7 October 1944, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference was held, which, among other things, created an international court attached to the United Nations, to succeed the Permanent Court of International Justice.
The Permanent Court of International Justice, often called the World Court, existed from 1922 to 1946.
By a resolution from the League of Nations on 18 April 1946, both the Court and the League ceased to exist and were replaced by the International Court of Justice and the United Nations. The Court's mandatory jurisdiction came from three sources: the Optional Clause of the League of Nations, general international conventions and special bipartite international treaties.
Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight." Diplomatic History 4.2 (1980): 137–160. ==External links== Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) 1922–1946 Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders in PDF Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS (2010) and Contents & Indexes Searchable text of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and PCIJ documentation Organisations based in The Hague Defunct courts Courts and tribunals established in 1922 Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1946
The Court was given nine cases during 1922 and 1969, however, with judgments called "cases" and advisory opinions called "questions".
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