The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the region of Perm in Russia. The Permian witnessed the diversification of the two groups of amniotes, the synapsids and the sauropsids (reptiles).
It would take well into the Triassic for life to recover from this catastrophe; on land, ecosystems took 30 million years to recover. ==Etymology== The term "Permian" was introduced into geology in 1841 by Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, president of the Geological Society of London, after extensive Russian explorations undertaken with Édouard de Verneuil in the region between the Volga and the Ural Mountains.
Between 1853 and 1867, Jules Marcou recognised Permian strata in a large area of North America from the Mississippi River to the Colorado River and proposed the name "Dyassic", from "Dyas" and "Trias", though Murchison rejected this in 1871. ==Geology== The Permian period is divided into three epochs, from oldest to youngest, the Cisuralian, Guadalupian, and Lopingian.
Between 1853 and 1867, Jules Marcou recognised Permian strata in a large area of North America from the Mississippi River to the Colorado River and proposed the name "Dyassic", from "Dyas" and "Trias", though Murchison rejected this in 1871. ==Geology== The Permian period is divided into three epochs, from oldest to youngest, the Cisuralian, Guadalupian, and Lopingian.
Between 1853 and 1867, Jules Marcou recognised Permian strata in a large area of North America from the Mississippi River to the Colorado River and proposed the name "Dyassic", from "Dyas" and "Trias", though Murchison rejected this in 1871. ==Geology== The Permian period is divided into three epochs, from oldest to youngest, the Cisuralian, Guadalupian, and Lopingian.
The beginning of the stage is defined by the first appearance of Streptognathodus postfusus. The Sakmarian is named in reference to the Sakmara River in the southern Urals, and was coined by Alexander Karpinsky in 1874.
It was named by Karpinsky in 1874.
The stage was introduced by Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg in 1890.
Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparent in 1900 had proposed the "Uralian Series", but the subsequent inconsistent usage of this term meant that it was later abandoned. The Asselian was named by the Russian stratigrapher V.E.
It was named by George Herbert Girty in 1902. The Roadian was named in 1968 in reference to the Road Canyon Member of the Word Formation in Texas.
The base of the Wordian is defined by the first appearance of the conodont Jinogondolella postserrata. The Capitanian is named after the Capitan Reef in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas, named by George Burr Richardson in 1904, and first used in a chronostratigraphic sense by Glenister and Furnish in 1961 as a substage of the Guadalupian stage.
The beginning of the stage is defined by the first appearance of Jinogondolella nankingensis. The Wordian was named in reference to the Word Formation by Johan August Udden in 1916, Glenister and Furnish in 1961 was the first publication to use it as a chronostratigraphic term as a substage of the Guadalupian stage.
The GSSP for the base of the Captianian is located at Nipple Hill in the southeast Guadalupe Mountains of Texas, and was ratified in 2001, the beginning of the stage is defined by the first appearance of Jinogondolella postserrata. The Lopingian was first intoduced by Amadeus William Grabau in 1923 as the “Loping Series” after Leping, Jiangxi, China.
Huang in 1932 raised the Lopingian to a series, including all Permian deposits in South China that overlie the Maokou Limestone.
Ruzhenchev in 1954, after the Assel River in the southern Ural Mountains.
The beginning of the stage is defined by the first appearance of Jinogondolella nankingensis. The Wordian was named in reference to the Word Formation by Johan August Udden in 1916, Glenister and Furnish in 1961 was the first publication to use it as a chronostratigraphic term as a substage of the Guadalupian stage.
The base of the Wordian is defined by the first appearance of the conodont Jinogondolella postserrata. The Capitanian is named after the Capitan Reef in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas, named by George Burr Richardson in 1904, and first used in a chronostratigraphic sense by Glenister and Furnish in 1961 as a substage of the Guadalupian stage.
In 1995, a vote by the Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy of the ICS adopted the Lopingian as an international standard chronostratigraphic unit.' The Wuchiapinginan and Changhsingian were first introduced in 1962, by J.
It was named by George Herbert Girty in 1902. The Roadian was named in 1968 in reference to the Road Canyon Member of the Word Formation in Texas.
Waterhouse in 1982 to comprise the Asselian, Sakmarian, and Artinskian stages.
Glenister and colleagues in 1992 proposed a tripartite scheme, advocating that the Roadian-Captianian was distinct from the rest of the Late Permian, and should be regarded as a separate epoch.
In 1995, a vote by the Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy of the ICS adopted the Lopingian as an international standard chronostratigraphic unit.' The Wuchiapinginan and Changhsingian were first introduced in 1962, by J.
The GSSP for the base of the Asselian is located in the Aidaralash River valley near Aqtöbe, Kazakhstan, which was ratified in 1996.
The GSSP for the base of the Roadian is located 42.7m above the base of the Cutoff Formation in Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, and was ratified in 2001.
The GSSP for the base of the Wordian is located in Guadalupe Pass, Texas, within the sediments of the Getaway Limestone Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation, which was ratified in 2001.
The Captianian was ratified as an international stage by the ICS in 2001.
The GSSP for the base of the Captianian is located at Nipple Hill in the southeast Guadalupe Mountains of Texas, and was ratified in 2001, the beginning of the stage is defined by the first appearance of Jinogondolella postserrata. The Lopingian was first intoduced by Amadeus William Grabau in 1923 as the “Loping Series” after Leping, Jiangxi, China.
The GSSP for the base of the Wuchiapingian is located at Penglaitan, Guangxi, China and was ratified in 2004.
The GSSP for the base of the Sakmarian is located at the Usolka section in the southern Urals, which was ratified in 2018.
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