Musharraf's mother Zarin, born in the early 1920s, grew up in Lucknow and received her schooling there, after which she graduated from Indraprastha College at Delhi University, taking a bachelor's degree in English literature.
Pervez Musharraf ( ; born 11 August 1943) is a Pakistani politician and a retired four-star general who became the tenth president of Pakistan after the successful military takeover of the federal government in 1999.
In 2019, Musharraf was sentenced to death in absentia for the treason charges, although, the death sentence was later annulled by the Lahore High Court. ==Early life== ===British India=== Musharraf was born on 11 August 1943 to an Urdu-speaking family in Delhi, British India, the son of Syed Musharrafuddin and his wife Begum Zarin Musharraf (c.
His family left for Pakistan in August 1947, a few days before independence.
In his autobiography A Memoir, Musharraf elaborates on his first experience with death, after falling off a mango tree. Musharraf's family moved to Ankara in 1949, when his father became part of a diplomatic deputation from Pakistan to Turkey.
In 1956, he left Turkey and returned to Pakistan in 1957 where he attended Saint Patrick's School in Karachi and was accepted at the Forman Christian College University in Lahore.
In 1956, he left Turkey and returned to Pakistan in 1957 where he attended Saint Patrick's School in Karachi and was accepted at the Forman Christian College University in Lahore.
Although Admiral Aziz Mirza (a lifelong friend of Musharraf, he shared a dorm with the admiral in the 1960s and they graduated together from the academy) was appointed by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif, Mirza remained extremely supportive of Musharraf's coup and was also a close friend of Musharraf since 1971 when both participated in a joint operation against the Indian Army.
After Mirza's retirement, Musharraf appointed Admiral Shahid Karimullah, with whom Musharraf had trained together in special forces schools during the 1960s, to four-star rank and chief of naval staff. Musharraf's first foreign visit was to Saudi Arabia on 26 October where he met with King Fahd.
Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961 and was commissioned to the Pakistan Army in 1964, playing an active role in the Afghan civil war.
At Forman, Musharraf chose mathematics as a major in which he excelled academically, but later developed an interest in economics. ==Initial military career== In 1961, at the age of 18, Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul.
Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961 and was commissioned to the Pakistan Army in 1964, playing an active role in the Afghan civil war.
The next day, Musharraf along with PQ Mehdi and Mirza, reported to PMA and they were selected for their respective training in their arms of commission. Finally, in 1964, Musharraf graduated with a Bachelor's degree in his class of 29th PMA Long Course together with Ali Kuli Khan and his lifelong friend Abdul Aziz Mirza.
Musharraf saw action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 as a second lieutenant.
He received the Imtiazi Sanad medal for gallantry. Shortly after the end of the War of 1965, he joined the elite Special Service Group (SSG).
He served in the SSG from 1966 to 1972.
Naved is an anesthesiologist who has lived in Chicago since completing his residency training at Loyola University Medical Center in 1979. Musharraf married Sehba, who is from Karachi, on 28 December 1968.
During the 1971 war with India, he was a company commander of an SSG commando battalion.
During the 1971 war he was scheduled to depart to East-Pakistan to join the army-navy joint military operations, but the deployment was cancelled after Indian Army advances towards Southern Pakistan. ===Professorship (1972–1990)=== Musharraf was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1974; and to colonel in 1978.
Although Admiral Aziz Mirza (a lifelong friend of Musharraf, he shared a dorm with the admiral in the 1960s and they graduated together from the academy) was appointed by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif, Mirza remained extremely supportive of Musharraf's coup and was also a close friend of Musharraf since 1971 when both participated in a joint operation against the Indian Army.
He served in the SSG from 1966 to 1972.
During the 1971 war he was scheduled to depart to East-Pakistan to join the army-navy joint military operations, but the deployment was cancelled after Indian Army advances towards Southern Pakistan. ===Professorship (1972–1990)=== Musharraf was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1974; and to colonel in 1978.
During the 1971 war he was scheduled to depart to East-Pakistan to join the army-navy joint military operations, but the deployment was cancelled after Indian Army advances towards Southern Pakistan. ===Professorship (1972–1990)=== Musharraf was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1974; and to colonel in 1978.
He did not play any significant role in Pakistan's proxy war in the 1979–1989 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Sources from Pakistan claimed that Musharraf and his military government's officers were in full mood to exercise tough conditions on Sharif, and intended to send Nawaz Sharif to the gallows to face a similar fate to that of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1979.
Naved is an anesthesiologist who has lived in Chicago since completing his residency training at Loyola University Medical Center in 1979. Musharraf married Sehba, who is from Karachi, on 28 December 1968.
By the 1980s, he was commanding an artillery brigade.
As staff officer in the 1980s, he studied political science at the National Defense University (NDU), and then briefly tenured as assistant professor of war studies at the Command and Staff College and then assistant professor of political science also at NDU.
Upon returning in the 1980s, Musharraf took an interest in the emerging Pakistani rock music genre, and often listened to rock music after leaving duty.
In 1987, he became a brigade commander of a new brigade of the SSG near Siachen Glacier.
In September 1987, Musharraf commanded an assault at Bilafond La before being pushed back. He studied at the Royal College of Defense Studies (RCDS) in Britain during 1990–91.
Whilst in the Army he earned the nickname "Cowboy" for his westernized ways and his fashion interest in Western clothing. ===Early commandant (1991–1995)=== Earlier in 1988–89, as Brigadier, Musharraf proposed the Kargil infiltration to Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto but she rebuffed the plan.
This situation has brought out increase participation of women in the 1988 and 2008 elections. In March 2005, a couple of months after the rape of a Pakistani physician, Dr.
In the 1990s, Musharraf was promoted to major general and assigned an infantry division, and later commanded the Special Services Group.
In September 1987, Musharraf commanded an assault at Bilafond La before being pushed back. He studied at the Royal College of Defense Studies (RCDS) in Britain during 1990–91.
In 1991–93, he secured a two-star promotion, elevating him to the rank of major general and held the command of 40th Army Division as its GOC, stationed in Okara Military District in Punjab Province.
In 1993–95, Major-General Musharraf worked closely with the Chief of Army Staff as Director-General of Pakistan Army's Directorate General for the Military Operations (DGMO).
From 1993 to 1995, Musharraf repeatedly visited the United States as part of the delegation of Benazir Bhutto.
In 1993, Musharraf personally assisted Benazir Bhutto to have a secret meeting at the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, D.C.
From 1993 to 1995, Musharraf repeatedly visited the United States as part of the delegation of Benazir Bhutto.
On policy issues, Musharraf befriended senior justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan Justice Rafiq Tarar (later president) and held common beliefs with the latter. His last military field operations posting was in the Mangla region of the Kashmir Province in 1995 when Benazir Bhutto approved the promotion of Musharraf to three-star rank, Lieutenant-General.
Between 1995 and 1998, Lieutenant-General Musharraf was the corps commander of I Strike Corps (CC-1) stationed in Mangla, Mangla Military District. ==Four-star appointments (1998–2007)== ===Chief of Army Staff and Chairman Joint Chiefs=== Although both Nawaz Sharif and general Jehangir Karamat were educated, and held common beliefs concerning national security, problems arose with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs and Chief of Army Staff General Karamat in October 1998.
Once Air-chief Marshal Pervez Kureshi was retired, the most junior air marshal Muschaf Mir (who worked with Musharraf in 1996 to assist ISI in Taliban matters) was appointed to four-star rank as well as elevated as Chief of Air Staff.
Soon after, he also served as deputy military secretary and director general of military operations. Musharraf rose to national prominence when he was promoted to four-star general by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998, making Musharraf the head of the armed forces.
Between 1995 and 1998, Lieutenant-General Musharraf was the corps commander of I Strike Corps (CC-1) stationed in Mangla, Mangla Military District. ==Four-star appointments (1998–2007)== ===Chief of Army Staff and Chairman Joint Chiefs=== Although both Nawaz Sharif and general Jehangir Karamat were educated, and held common beliefs concerning national security, problems arose with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs and Chief of Army Staff General Karamat in October 1998.
Pervez Musharraf ( ; born 11 August 1943) is a Pakistani politician and a retired four-star general who became the tenth president of Pakistan after the successful military takeover of the federal government in 1999.
He led the Kargil infiltration that almost brought India and Pakistan to a full-fledged war in 1999.
In retaliation, the army staged a coup d'état in 1999, which allowed Musharraf to take over Pakistan as president in 2001.
From March to May 1999, he ordered the secret infiltration of Kashmiri forces in the Kargil district.
In January, the army briefed him about the Indian troop movement along the LOC in Skardu on 29 January 1999, on 5 February at Kel, on 12 March at the GHQ, and finally on 17 May at the ISI headquarters.
In early November, he released details of his assets to the public. In late December 1999, Musharraf dealt with his first international crisis when India accused Pakistan's involvement in the Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacking.
Musharraf labelled many of his senior professors at NDU as "pseudo-intellectuals", including the NDU's notable professors, General Aslam Beg and Jehangir Karamat under whom Musharraf studied and served well. ===Sharif trial and exile=== The Military Police held former prime minister Sharif under house arrest at a government guesthouse and opened his Lahore home to the public in late October 1999.
Hussain nominated Finance minister Shaukat Aziz, who had been impressive due to his performance as finance minister in 1999.
Few believed that Abdul Qadeer Khan acted alone and the affair risked gravely damaging the Armed Forces, which oversaw and controlled the nuclear weapons development and of which Musharraf was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff until his resignation from military service on 28 November 2007. ===Corruption issues=== When Musharraf came to power in 1999, he promised that the corruption in the government bureaucracy would be cleaned up.
With that party's support, pro-Musharraf legislators were able to muster the two-thirds supermajority required to pass the Seventeenth Amendment, which retroactively legalised Musharraf's 1999 coup and many of his decrees.
Musharraf's first seizure of power in 1999—at the expense of Nawaz Sharif, the PML(N)'s leader, whom Mr.
Though United States President Bill Clinton pressured Musharraf to ban the alleged group behind the hijacking — Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Pakistani officials refused because of fears of reprisal from political parties such as Jamaat-e-Islami. In March 2000, Musharraf banned political rallies.
His trial began in early March 2000 in an anti-terrorism court, which is designed for speedy trials.
Sharif signed an agreement with Musharraf and his military government and his family was exiled to Saudi Arabia in December 2000. ===Constitutional changes=== Shortly after Musharraf's takeover, Musharraf issued Oath of Judges Order No.
On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court asked Musharraf to hold national elections by 12 October 2002.
In October 2001, Musharraf authorized a sting operation led by FIA to arrest two physicists Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood and Chaudhry Abdul Majeed, because of their supposed connection with the Taliban after they secretly visited Taliban-controlled Afghanistan in 2000.
Khan said that "Musharraf gave centrifuges to North Korea in a 2000 shipment supervised by the armed forces.
In 2000 Kamran Atif, an alleged member of Harkat-ul Mujahideen al-Alami, tried to assassinate Musharraf.
He held the presidency from 2001 until 2008, when he tendered his resignation to avoid impeachment. Born in Delhi during the British Raj, Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul.
In retaliation, the army staged a coup d'état in 1999, which allowed Musharraf to take over Pakistan as president in 2001.
In a television interview given in 2001, Musharraf openly spoke about the negative role of a few high-ranking officers in the Pakistan Armed Forces in state's affairs.
After President Rafiq Tarar's resignation, Musharraf formally appointed himself as President on 20 June 2001.
In 2001, Musharraf got on stage with the rock music band, Junoon, and sang the national song with the band. On political fronts, Musharraf faced fierce opposition from the ultra-conservative alliance, the MMA, led by clergyman Maulana Noorani.
He was widely criticised by Middle Eastern leaders, but was met with some praise among Jewish leadership. ===Relations with India=== After the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, Musharraf expressed his sympathies to Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and sent a plane load of relief supplies to India. In 2004, Musharraf began a series of talks with India to resolve the Kashmir dispute.
Musharraf received the King Abdul-Aziz Medallion in 2007. ===Nuclear scandals=== From September 2001 until his resignation in 2007 from the military, Musharraf's presidency was affected by scandals relating to nuclear weapons, which were detrimental to his authoritative legitimacy in the country and in the international community.
In October 2001, Musharraf authorized a sting operation led by FIA to arrest two physicists Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood and Chaudhry Abdul Majeed, because of their supposed connection with the Taliban after they secretly visited Taliban-controlled Afghanistan in 2000.
In December 2001, Musharraf authorized security hearings and the two scientists were taken into the custody by the JAG Branch (JAG); security hearings continued until early 2002. Another scandal arose as a consequence of disclosure by Pakistani nuclear physicist Abdul Qadeer Khan.
On 27 February 2001, Musharraf spoke highly of Khan at a state dinner in Islamabad, and he personally approved Khan's appointment as Science Advisor to the Government.
The initial stages of his presidency featured controversial wins in a state referendum to grant him a five-year term limit, and a general election in 2002.
Musharraf reinstated the constitution in 2002, though it was heavily amended within the Legal Framework Order.
On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court asked Musharraf to hold national elections by 12 October 2002.
In August 2002, he issued the Legal Framework Order No.
Musharraf was the first military president to accept the rulings of the Supreme Court and holding free and fair elections in 2002, part of his vision to return democratic rule to the country.
In October 2002, Pakistan held general elections, which the pro-Musharraf PML-Q won wide margins, although it had failed to gain an absolute majority.
In December 2001, Musharraf authorized security hearings and the two scientists were taken into the custody by the JAG Branch (JAG); security hearings continued until early 2002. Another scandal arose as a consequence of disclosure by Pakistani nuclear physicist Abdul Qadeer Khan.
However, some claimed that the level of corruption did not diminish throughout Musharraf's time. ===Domestic politics=== In December 2003, Musharraf made a deal with MMA, a six-member coalition of far-right Islamic parties, agreeing to leave the army by 31 December 2004.
On 14 December 2003, Musharraf survived an assassination attempt when a powerful bomb went off minutes after his highly guarded convoy crossed a bridge in Rawalpindi; It was the third such attempt during his four-year rule.
On 25 December 2003, two suicide bombers tried to assassinate Musharraf, but their car bombs failed to kill him; 16 others died instead.
Institute of Peace (text, audio & video available) June 2003 "Plea for Enlightened Moderation", Pervez Musharraf, The Washington Post, 13 May 2004 ===Media coverage=== "Was Kargil a Conspiracy Against Pakistan?", e-zine.pk, 14 May 2011, conspiracy theory involving Musharraf, the U.S.
Between 2004 and 2007, Aziz approved many projects that did not require Musharraf's permission. In 2010, all constitutional changes carried out by Musharraf and Aziz's policies were reverted by the 18th Amendment, which put the country back to its initial position and restored the powers of the Prime Minister. ==Presidency== The presidency of Pervez Musharraf helped bring the liberal forces to the national level and into prominence, for the first time in the [of Pakistan].
He was widely criticised by Middle Eastern leaders, but was met with some praise among Jewish leadership. ===Relations with India=== After the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, Musharraf expressed his sympathies to Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and sent a plane load of relief supplies to India. In 2004, Musharraf began a series of talks with India to resolve the Kashmir dispute.
In 2004 a cease-fire was agreed upon along the Line of Control.
In 2004, Musharraf relieved Abdul Qadeer Khan from his post and initially denied knowledge of the government's involvement in nuclear proliferation, despite Khan's claim that Musharraf was the "Big Boss" of the proliferation ring.
However, some claimed that the level of corruption did not diminish throughout Musharraf's time. ===Domestic politics=== In December 2003, Musharraf made a deal with MMA, a six-member coalition of far-right Islamic parties, agreeing to leave the army by 31 December 2004.
Musharraf reneged on his agreement with the MMA and pro-Musharraf legislators in the Parliament passed a bill allowing Musharraf to keep both offices. On 1 January 2004, Musharraf had won a confidence vote in the Electoral College of Pakistan, consisting of both houses of Parliament and the four provincial assemblies.
As a result of this vote, his term was extended to 2007. Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali resigned on 26 June 2004, after losing the support of Musharraf's party, PML(Q).
Amjad Farooqi was an alleged mastermind behind these attempts, and was killed by Pakistani forces in 2004 after an extensive manhunt. On 6 July 2007, there was another attempted assassination, when an unknown group fired a 7.62 submachine gun at Musharraf's plane as it took off from a runway in Rawalpindi.
Institute of Peace (text, audio & video available) June 2003 "Plea for Enlightened Moderation", Pervez Musharraf, The Washington Post, 13 May 2004 ===Media coverage=== "Was Kargil a Conspiracy Against Pakistan?", e-zine.pk, 14 May 2011, conspiracy theory involving Musharraf, the U.S.
On 18 September 2005, Musharraf made a speech before a broad based audience of Jewish leadership, sponsored by the American Jewish Congress's Council for World Jewry, in New York City.
Musharraf nominated Shaukat Aziz, the minister for finance and a former employee of Citibank and head of Citibank Private Banking as the new prime minister. In 2005, the Bugti clan attacked a gas field in Balochistan, after Dr.
This situation has brought out increase participation of women in the 1988 and 2008 elections. In March 2005, a couple of months after the rape of a Pakistani physician, Dr.
Shazia alleged that she was forced by the government to leave the country. In an interview given to The Washington Post in September 2005, Musharraf said that Pakistani women who had been the victims of rape treated rape as a "moneymaking concern", and were only interested in the publicity in order to make money and get a Canadian visa.
Dawn), with his inter-services and college friends, Musharraf recalls, In the Line of Fire, published in 2006.
Many troops still patrol the border. ===Relations with Saudi Arabia=== In 2006, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia visited Pakistan for the first time as King.
Musharraf responded by 4,500 soldiers, supported by tanks and helicopters, to guard the gas field. ===Women's rights=== The National Assembly voted in favor of the "Women's Protection Bill" on 15 November 2006 and the Senate approved it on 23 November 2006.
President General Pervez Musharraf signed into law the "Women's Protection Bill", on 1 December 2006.
Atif was sentenced to death in 2006 by an Anti Terrorism Court.
He also has close family ties to the prominent Kheshgi family. Musharraf published his autobiography— A Memoir—in 2006. ==See also== Enlightened Moderation Liberalism Politics of Pakistan Self-coup == References == ==External links== ===Official=== General Pervez Musharraf, official Pakistan Army profile Pervez Musharraf Foundation ===Interviews and statements=== Address by Pervez Musharraf to U.S.
However, he remained the Army Chief until retiring in 2007.
When Aziz departed as prime minister, and after approving the suspension of the judicature in 2007, Musharraf's position weakened dramatically.
Upon Sharif's re-election in 2013, he initiated [treason] charges against Musharraf for implementing emergency rule and suspending the constitution in 2007.
Between 2004 and 2007, Aziz approved many projects that did not require Musharraf's permission. In 2010, all constitutional changes carried out by Musharraf and Aziz's policies were reverted by the 18th Amendment, which put the country back to its initial position and restored the powers of the Prime Minister. ==Presidency== The presidency of Pervez Musharraf helped bring the liberal forces to the national level and into prominence, for the first time in the [of Pakistan].
Musharraf received the King Abdul-Aziz Medallion in 2007. ===Nuclear scandals=== From September 2001 until his resignation in 2007 from the military, Musharraf's presidency was affected by scandals relating to nuclear weapons, which were detrimental to his authoritative legitimacy in the country and in the international community.
Following this, Musharraf authorized a national security hearing, which continued until his resignation from the army in 2007.
Few believed that Abdul Qadeer Khan acted alone and the affair risked gravely damaging the Armed Forces, which oversaw and controlled the nuclear weapons development and of which Musharraf was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff until his resignation from military service on 28 November 2007. ===Corruption issues=== When Musharraf came to power in 1999, he promised that the corruption in the government bureaucracy would be cleaned up.
As a result of this vote, his term was extended to 2007. Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali resigned on 26 June 2004, after losing the support of Musharraf's party, PML(Q).
Amjad Farooqi was an alleged mastermind behind these attempts, and was killed by Pakistani forces in 2004 after an extensive manhunt. On 6 July 2007, there was another attempted assassination, when an unknown group fired a 7.62 submachine gun at Musharraf's plane as it took off from a runway in Rawalpindi.
On 17 July 2007, Pakistani police detained 39 people in relation to the attempted assassination of Musharraf.
The suspects were detained at an undisclosed location by a joint team of Punjab Police, the Federal Investigation Agency and other Pakistani intelligence agencies. ==Fall from the presidency== By August 2007, polls showed 64 percent of Pakistanis did not want another Musharraf term.
More importantly, with Shaukat Aziz departing from the office of Prime Minister, Musharraf could not have sustained his presidency any longer and dramatically fell from the presidency within a matter of eight months, after popular and mass public movements called for his impeachment for the actions taken during his presidency. ===Suspension of the Chief Justice=== On 9 March 2007, Musharraf suspended Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and pressed corruption charges against him.
On 12 March 2007, lawyers started a campaign called Judicial Activism across Pakistan and began boycotting all court procedures in protest against the suspension.
A male madrassa was only a few minutes drive away. In April 2007, the mosque administration started to encourage attacks on local video shops, alleging that they were selling porn films, and massage parlours, which were alleged to be used as brothels.
In July 2007, a confrontation occurred when government authorities made a decision to stop the student violence and send police officers to arrest the responsible individuals and the madrassa administration. This development led to a standoff between police forces and armed students.
On 14 September 2007, Deputy Information Minister Tariq Azim stated that Bhutto will not be deported, but must face corruption charges against her.
On 17 September 2007, Bhutto accused Musharraf's allies of pushing Pakistan to crisis by refusal to restore democracy and share power.
Musharraf called for a three-day mourning period after Bhutto's assassination on 27 December 2007. Sharif returned to Pakistan in September 2007 and was immediately arrested and taken into custody at the airport.
Saudi intelligence chief Muqrin bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud and Lebanese politician Saad Hariri arrived separately in Islamabad on 8 September 2007, the former with a message from Saudi King Abdullah and the latter after a meeting with Nawaz Sharif in London.
That meeting had been followed by a rare press conference, at which he had warned that Sharif should not violate the terms of King Abdullah's agreement of staying out of politics for 10 years. === Resignation from the Military === On 2 October 2007, Musharraf appointed General Tariq Majid as Chairman Joint Chiefs Committee and approved General Ashfaq Kayani as vice chief of the army starting 8 October.
When Musharraf resigned from military on 28 November 2007, Kayani became Chief of Army Staff. ===2007 presidential elections=== In a March 2007 interview, Musharraf said that he intended to stay in office for another five years. A nine-member panel of Supreme Court judges deliberated on six petitions (including Jamaat-e-Islami's, Pakistan's largest Islamic group) for disqualification of Musharraf as a presidential candidate.
Bhutto stated that her party may join other opposition groups, including Sharif's. On 28 September 2007, in a 6–3 vote, Judge Rana Bhagwandas's court removed obstacles to Musharraf's election bid. ===2007 state of emergency=== On 3 November 2007 Musharraf declared emergency rule across Pakistan.
Musharraf imprisoned and exiled—and his second in November 2007, when he declared an emergency as a means to get re-elected as president.
In 2011, he also lectured at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace on politics and racism where he also authored and published a paper with George Perkvich. ===Party creation=== Musharraf launched his own political party, the All Pakistan Muslim League, in June 2010. ===Legal threats and actions=== The PML-N has tried to get Pervez Musharraf to stand trial in an article 6 trial for treason in relation to the emergency on 3 November 2007.
A spokesperson for Musharraf's party said the ruling was "biased" and they would appeal the decision. ===House arrest=== While Musharraf had technically been on bail since his return to the country, on 18 April 2013, the Islamabad High Court ordered the arrest of Musharraf on charges relating to the 2007 arrests of judges.
Further to the charges of this arrest, the Senate also passed a resolution petitioning that Musharraf be charged with [treason] in relation to the events of 2007. ===Court arrest orders=== On Friday 26 April 2013 the court ordered house arrest for Musharraf in connection with the death of Benazir Bhutto.
Musharraf was indicted on 20 August 2013 for Bhutto's assassination in 2007.
On 2 September 2013, a first information report (FIR) was registered against him for his role in the Lal Masjid Operation in 2007.
The court also ordered that his property and bank account in Pakistan be seized. ===Verdict=== On 17 December 2019, a special court declared him a traitor and sentenced him in absentia to death for abrogating and suspending the constitution in November 2007.
He held the presidency from 2001 until 2008, when he tendered his resignation to avoid impeachment. Born in Delhi during the British Raj, Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul.
Tendering his resignation to avoid impeachment in 2008, Musharraf emigrated to London in a self-imposed exile.
Qadeer Khan are unforgettable for the country." On 4 July 2008, in an interview, Abdul Qadeer Khan laid the blame on President Musharraf and later on Benazir Bhutto for transferring the technology, claiming that Musharraf was aware of all the deals and he was the "Big Boss" for those deals.
This situation has brought out increase participation of women in the 1988 and 2008 elections. In March 2005, a couple of months after the rape of a Pakistani physician, Dr.
Public protests were mounted against Musharraf. ===2008 general elections=== General elections were held on 18 February 2008, in which the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) polled the highest votes and won the most seats.
On 23 March 2008, President Musharraf said an "era of democracy" had begun in Pakistan and that he had put the country "on the track of development and progress".
On 22 March, the PPP named former parliament speaker Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani as its candidate for the country's next prime minister, to lead a coalition government united against him. ===Impeachment movement=== On 7 August 2008, the Pakistan Peoples Party and the Pakistan Muslim League (N) agreed to force Musharraf to step down and begin his impeachment.
On 11 August, the government summoned the national assembly. ==Exile== On 18 August 2008, Musharraf announced his resignation.
On 23 November 2008 he left for exile in London where he arrived the following day. === Academia and lectureship === After his resignation, Musharraf went to perform a holy pilgrimage to Mecca.
Between 2004 and 2007, Aziz approved many projects that did not require Musharraf's permission. In 2010, all constitutional changes carried out by Musharraf and Aziz's policies were reverted by the 18th Amendment, which put the country back to its initial position and restored the powers of the Prime Minister. ==Presidency== The presidency of Pervez Musharraf helped bring the liberal forces to the national level and into prominence, for the first time in the [of Pakistan].
In 2011, he also lectured at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace on politics and racism where he also authored and published a paper with George Perkvich. ===Party creation=== Musharraf launched his own political party, the All Pakistan Muslim League, in June 2010. ===Legal threats and actions=== The PML-N has tried to get Pervez Musharraf to stand trial in an article 6 trial for treason in relation to the emergency on 3 November 2007.
In 2011, he also lectured at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace on politics and racism where he also authored and published a paper with George Perkvich. ===Party creation=== Musharraf launched his own political party, the All Pakistan Muslim League, in June 2010. ===Legal threats and actions=== The PML-N has tried to get Pervez Musharraf to stand trial in an article 6 trial for treason in relation to the emergency on 3 November 2007.
On 11 February 2011 the Anti Terrorism Court, issued an arrest warrant for Musharraf and charged him with conspiracy to commit murder of Benazir Bhutto.
Institute of Peace (text, audio & video available) June 2003 "Plea for Enlightened Moderation", Pervez Musharraf, The Washington Post, 13 May 2004 ===Media coverage=== "Was Kargil a Conspiracy Against Pakistan?", e-zine.pk, 14 May 2011, conspiracy theory involving Musharraf, the U.S.
On Piers Morgan Tonight, Musharraf announced his plans to return to Pakistan on 23 March 2012 in order to seek the Presidency in 2013.
His legacy as leader is mixed; he saw the emergence of a more assertive middle class, but an open disregard for civilian institutions greatly weakened democracy in Pakistan. Musharraf returned to Pakistan in 2013 to participate in that year's general election, but was disqualified from participating after the country's high courts issued arrest warrants for him and Aziz for their alleged involvement in the assassinations of Nawab Akbar Bugti and Benazir Bhutto.
Upon Sharif's re-election in 2013, he initiated [treason] charges against Musharraf for implementing emergency rule and suspending the constitution in 2007.
On Piers Morgan Tonight, Musharraf announced his plans to return to Pakistan on 23 March 2012 in order to seek the Presidency in 2013.
On 3 April 2014, Musharraf escaped the fourth assassination attempt, resulting in an injury of a woman, according to Pakistani news. ===Electoral disqualification=== On 24 March 2013, after a four-year self-imposed exile, he returned to Pakistan.
Hundreds of his supporters and workers of APML greeted Musharraf upon his arrival at Karachi airport, and he delivered a short public speech. On 16 April 2013, an electoral tribunal in Chitral declared Musharraf disqualified from candidacy there, effectively quashing his political ambitions (several other constituencies had previously rejected Musharraf's nominations).
A spokesperson for Musharraf's party said the ruling was "biased" and they would appeal the decision. ===House arrest=== While Musharraf had technically been on bail since his return to the country, on 18 April 2013, the Islamabad High Court ordered the arrest of Musharraf on charges relating to the 2007 arrests of judges.
Further to the charges of this arrest, the Senate also passed a resolution petitioning that Musharraf be charged with [treason] in relation to the events of 2007. ===Court arrest orders=== On Friday 26 April 2013 the court ordered house arrest for Musharraf in connection with the death of Benazir Bhutto.
On 12 June 2014 Sindh High Court allowed him to travel to seek medical attention abroad. == Judicial hearings and return to exile == On 25 June 2013, Musharraf was named as prime suspect in two separate cases.
Musharraf was indicted on 20 August 2013 for Bhutto's assassination in 2007.
On 2 September 2013, a first information report (FIR) was registered against him for his role in the Lal Masjid Operation in 2007.
On 3 April 2014, Musharraf escaped the fourth assassination attempt, resulting in an injury of a woman, according to Pakistani news. ===Electoral disqualification=== On 24 March 2013, after a four-year self-imposed exile, he returned to Pakistan.
On 12 June 2014 Sindh High Court allowed him to travel to seek medical attention abroad. == Judicial hearings and return to exile == On 25 June 2013, Musharraf was named as prime suspect in two separate cases.
The FIR was lodged after the son of slain hard line cleric Abdul Rahid Ghazi (who was killed during the operation) asked authorities to bring charges against Musharraf. On 18 March 2016, Musharraf's name was removed from the Exit Control List and he was allowed to travel abroad, citing medical treatment.
The case against Musharraf continued after Sharif's removal from office in 2017, the same year in which Musharraf was declared an "absconder" in the Bhutto assassination case by virtue of moving to Dubai.
In 2019, Musharraf was sentenced to death in absentia for the treason charges, although, the death sentence was later annulled by the Lahore High Court. ==Early life== ===British India=== Musharraf was born on 11 August 1943 to an Urdu-speaking family in Delhi, British India, the son of Syed Musharrafuddin and his wife Begum Zarin Musharraf (c.
The court also ordered that his property and bank account in Pakistan be seized. ===Verdict=== On 17 December 2019, a special court declared him a traitor and sentenced him in absentia to death for abrogating and suspending the constitution in November 2007.
Analysts did not expect Musharraf to face the sentence given his illness and the fact that Dubai has no extradition treaty with Pakistan; the verdict was also viewed as largely symbolic given that Musharraf retains support within the current Pakistani government and military. Musharraf challenged the verdict, and on 13 January 2020, the Lahore High Court annulled the death sentence against Musharraf, ruling that the special court that held the trial was unconstitutional.
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