However, some sources express doubt about exactly which of the islands were visited and named by Queirós, suggesting that La Encarnación may actually have been Henderson Island, and San Juan Bautista may have been Pitcairn Island. Pitcairn Island was sighted on 3 July 1767 by the crew of the British sloop HMS Swallow, commanded by Captain Philip Carteret.
This made Pitcairn difficult to find, as highlighted by the failure of captain James Cook to locate the island in July 1773. === European settlement === In 1790, nine of the mutineers from the Bounty, along with the native Tahitian men and women who were with them (six men, eleven women, and a baby girl), settled on Pitcairn Island and set fire to the Bounty.
Robert Pitcairn was a son of British Marine Major John Pitcairn, who later was killed at the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill in the American War of Independence. Carteret, who sailed without the newly invented marine chronometer, charted the island at , and although the latitude was reasonably accurate, his recorded longitude was incorrect by about 3°, putting his coordinates to the west of the actual island.
1997 Manorial Research with the National Maritime Museum (UK) – Mutiny on the Bounty, 1789-1989.
This made Pitcairn difficult to find, as highlighted by the failure of captain James Cook to locate the island in July 1773. === European settlement === In 1790, nine of the mutineers from the Bounty, along with the native Tahitian men and women who were with them (six men, eleven women, and a baby girl), settled on Pitcairn Island and set fire to the Bounty.
, the island had a labour force of over 35 men and women. Bounty Day is an annual public holiday celebrated on Pitcairn on 23 January to commemorate the day in 1790 when the mutineers arrived on the island in HMS Bounty. == Media and communications == Post: The UK Postcode for directing mail to Pitcairn Island is PCRN 1ZZ.: === Newspapers === The Pitcairn Miscellany is a monthly newspaper available in print and online editions.
Young eventually died of an asthmatic infection. Ducie Island was rediscovered in 1791 by Royal Navy captain Edwards aboard , while searching for the Bounty mutineers.
He named it after Francis Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Baron Ducie, also a captain in the Royal Navy. The Pitcairn islanders reported it was not until 27 December 1795 that the first ship since the Bounty was seen from the island, but it did not approach the land and they could not make out the nationality.
A second ship appeared in 1801, but made no attempt to communicate with them.
Finally, the American sealing ship Topaz, under Mayhew Folger, became the first to visit the island, when the crew spent 10 hours on Pitcairn in February 1808.
However, this was not known to Sir Thomas Staines, who commanded a Royal Navy flotilla of two ships, HMS Briton and HMS Tagus, which found the island at (by meridian observation) on 17 September 1814.
He was granted amnesty for his part in the mutiny. Henderson Island was rediscovered on 17 January 1819 by British Captain James Henderson of the British East India Company ship Hercules.
Oeno Island was discovered on 26 January 1824 by American captain George Worth aboard the whaler . In 1832 having tried and failed to petition the British government and the London Missionary Society; Joshua Hill, an American adventurer arrived.
Oeno Island was discovered on 26 January 1824 by American captain George Worth aboard the whaler . In 1832 having tried and failed to petition the British government and the London Missionary Society; Joshua Hill, an American adventurer arrived.
He reported that by March 1833, he had founded a Temperance Society to combat drunkenness, a "Maundy Thursday Society", a monthly prayer meeting, a juvenile society, a Peace Society and a school. === British colony === Traditionally, Pitcairn Islanders consider that their islands "officially" became a British colony on 30 November 1838, at the same time becoming one of the first territories to extend voting rights to women.
He reported that by March 1833, he had founded a Temperance Society to combat drunkenness, a "Maundy Thursday Society", a monthly prayer meeting, a juvenile society, a Peace Society and a school. === British colony === Traditionally, Pitcairn Islanders consider that their islands "officially" became a British colony on 30 November 1838, at the same time becoming one of the first territories to extend voting rights to women.
Pitcairn Islands Study Group English-speaking countries and territories Important Bird Areas of the Pitcairn Islands Island countries Islands of the Pitcairn Islands Mutiny on the Bounty Geography of Polynesia States and territories established in 1838 Volcanoes of the United Kingdom British Western Pacific Territories .Pitcairn Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania
. Brodie, Walter – Pitcairn Island and the Islanders in 1850.
On 3 May 1856, the entire population of 193 people set sail for Norfolk on board the Morayshire, arriving on 8 June after a difficult five-week trip.
At that time the population was 96, an increase of six since the visit of Admiral de Horsey in September 1878.
However, just eighteen months later, seventeen of the Pitcairn Islanders returned to their home island, and another 27 followed five years later. visited Pitcairn Island on 18 April 1881 and "found the people very happy and contented, and in perfect health".
An American trading ship called Venus had recently bestowed a supply of cotton seed, to provide the islanders with a crop for future trade. In 1886, the Seventh-day Adventist layman John Tay visited Pitcairn and persuaded most of the islanders to accept his faith.
The last recorded whaler to visit was the James Arnold in 1888. A report of Folger's discovery was forwarded to the Admiralty, mentioning the mutineers and giving a more precise location of the island: .
He returned in 1890 on the missionary schooner with an ordained minister to perform baptisms.
A successful Seventh-day Adventist mission in the 1890s was important in shaping Pitcairn society.
The government officially took responsibility for education in 1958; the Seventh-day Adventist Church had done so from the 1890s until 1958.
Since then, the majority of Pitcairn Islanders have been Adventists. The islands of Henderson, Oeno and Ducie were annexed by Britain in 1902: Henderson on 1 July, Oeno on 10 July, and Ducie on 19 December.
The Pulau School has a residence for teachers built in 2004; there was a previous such facility built in 1950. === Historical population === Pitcairn's population has significantly decreased since its peak of over 200 in the 1930s, to only around fifty permanent residents today (2021). === Potential extinction === , the total resident population of the Pitcairn Islands was 56, including the six temporary residents: an administrator, a doctor, a police officer, and their spouses.
The population peaked at 233 in 1937.
Pitcairn is part of the Tuamotu tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion. === Fauna === Between 1937 and 1951, Irving Johnson, skipper of the brigantine Yankee Five, introduced five Galápagos giant tortoises to Pitcairn.
In 1938, the three islands, along with Pitcairn, were incorporated into a single administrative unit called the "Pitcairn Group of Islands".
It has since decreased owing to emigration, primarily to Australia and New Zealand. ===Sexual misconduct in modern times=== Three cases of imprisonment for sex with underage girls were reported in the 1950s. In 1999 Gail Cox, a police officer from Kent, UK, served on a temporary assignment on Pitcairn, and began uncovering allegations of sexual abuse.
There were ten students in 1999; enrollment was previously 20 in the early 1950s, 28 in 1959, and 36 in 1962.
The Pulau School has a residence for teachers built in 2004; there was a previous such facility built in 1950. === Historical population === Pitcairn's population has significantly decreased since its peak of over 200 in the 1930s, to only around fifty permanent residents today (2021). === Potential extinction === , the total resident population of the Pitcairn Islands was 56, including the six temporary residents: an administrator, a doctor, a police officer, and their spouses.
Pitcairn is part of the Tuamotu tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion. === Fauna === Between 1937 and 1951, Irving Johnson, skipper of the brigantine Yankee Five, introduced five Galápagos giant tortoises to Pitcairn.
From Friday at sunset until Saturday at sunset, Pitcairners observe a day of rest in observance of the Sabbath, or as a mark of respect for observant Adventists. The church was built in 1954 and is run by the Church board and resident pastor, who usually serves a two-year term.
The inhabitants of the island were well aware of the Bounty's location, which is still visible underwater in Bounty Bay, but the wreckage gained significant attention in 1957 when documented by National Geographic explorer Luis Marden.
The government officially took responsibility for education in 1958; the Seventh-day Adventist Church had done so from the 1890s until 1958.
There were ten students in 1999; enrollment was previously 20 in the early 1950s, 28 in 1959, and 36 in 1962.
There were ten students in 1999; enrollment was previously 20 in the early 1950s, 28 in 1959, and 36 in 1962.
In 1988, this island was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Nicolson (Pasifika Press, Auckland, 1997 pp. 260) After the Bounty: The Aftermath of the Infamous Mutiny on the HMS Bounty—An Insight to the Plight of the Mutineers by Cal Adams, a descendant of John Adams, Bounty Mutineer (Self-published, Sydney, 2008 pp. 184) The "Re-colonising of Pitcairn by Sue Farran, Senior Lecturer, University of Dundee; Visiting Lecturer, University of the South Pacific. Ball, Ian M.
Anchor Doubleday, 1997.
It has since decreased owing to emigration, primarily to Australia and New Zealand. ===Sexual misconduct in modern times=== Three cases of imprisonment for sex with underage girls were reported in the 1950s. In 1999 Gail Cox, a police officer from Kent, UK, served on a temporary assignment on Pitcairn, and began uncovering allegations of sexual abuse.
When a 15-year-old girl decided to press rape charges in 1999, criminal proceedings (code-named "Operation Unique") were set in motion.
There were ten students in 1999; enrollment was previously 20 in the early 1950s, 28 in 1959, and 36 in 1962.
They did suffer, no doubt about it," he said emphatically. ==== Sexual assault trials of 2004 ==== In 2004, charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad.
On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including Steve Christian, the island's mayor at the time.
In 2004, the islanders had about 20 firearms among them, which they surrendered ahead of the sexual assault trials.
The Pulau School has a residence for teachers built in 2004; there was a previous such facility built in 1950. === Historical population === Pitcairn's population has significantly decreased since its peak of over 200 in the 1930s, to only around fifty permanent residents today (2021). === Potential extinction === , the total resident population of the Pitcairn Islands was 56, including the six temporary residents: an administrator, a doctor, a police officer, and their spouses.
In 2005, Shirley and Simon Young became the first married outsider couple in history to obtain citizenship on Pitcairn. === Language === Most resident Pitcairn Islanders are descendants of the Bounty mutineers and Tahitians (or other Polynesians).
The men began serving their sentences in late 2006.
Dem Tull was an online monthly newsletter published between 2007 and 2016. Telecommunications: Pitcairn uses New Zealand's international calling code, +64.
The Pitcairn reed warbler, known by Pitcairners as a "sparrow", is endemic to Pitcairn Island; formerly common, it was added to the endangered species list in 2008. A small population of [whale]s (which has been poorly studied by scientists) migrate to the islands annually, to over-winter and breed. ==== Important bird areas ==== The four islands in the Pitcairn group have been identified by BirdLife International as separate Important Bird Areas (IBAs).
In 2008, a major DX-pedition visited Ducie Island.
Nicolson (Pasifika Press, Auckland, 1997 pp. 260) After the Bounty: The Aftermath of the Infamous Mutiny on the HMS Bounty—An Insight to the Plight of the Mutineers by Cal Adams, a descendant of John Adams, Bounty Mutineer (Self-published, Sydney, 2008 pp. 184) The "Re-colonising of Pitcairn by Sue Farran, Senior Lecturer, University of Dundee; Visiting Lecturer, University of the South Pacific. Ball, Ian M.
The Queen of the United Kingdom is represented by a Governor, who also holds office as British High Commissioner to New Zealand and is based in Wellington. The 2010 constitution gives authority for the islands to operate as a representative democracy, with the United Kingdom retaining responsibility for matters such as defence and foreign affairs.
However, these initiatives have not been effective. Only two children were born on Pitcairn in the 21 years prior to 2012.
In 2012, a single 1 Mbit/s link installed provided the islanders with an Internet connection, the 1 Mbit/s was shared across all families on the island.
Since 2013, some 700 make inquiries each year, but so far, not a single formal settlement application has been received.
1958 == External links == === Government === Pitcairn Government official website === Travel === Pitcairn Island Tourism Official tourism site of the Pitcairn Islands. Google Street View June 2013 === Local news === Pitcairn News from Big Flower News from Big Flower, Pitcairn Island. Pitcairn Miscellany News from Pitcairn Island.
Ducie is important for its colonies of Murphy's, [petrel|herald] and Kermadec petrels, and Christmas shearwaters. === Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve === In March 2015 the British government established one of the largest marine protected areas in the world around the Pitcairn Islands.
Dem Tull was an online monthly newsletter published between 2007 and 2016. Telecommunications: Pitcairn uses New Zealand's international calling code, +64.
By December 2017, the British Government implemented a 4G LTE mobile network in Adamstown with shared speeds of 5 Mbit/s across all islanders. == Transport == All settlers of the Pitcairn Islands arrived by boat or ship.
In 2018, another major DX-pedition visited Ducie Island. Television: Pitcairn can receive a number of television channels but only has capacity to broadcast two channels to houses at any one time.
The island has one shallow harbour with a launch ramp accessible only by small longboats. A dedicated passenger and cargo supply ship chartered by the Pitcairn Island government, the , was until 2018 the principal transport from Mangareva in the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia.
A satellite "watchroom" dubbed Project Eyes on the Seas has been established by the Satellite Applications Catapult and the Pew Charitable Trusts at the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Harwell, Oxfordshire to monitor vessel activity and to gather the information needed to prosecute unauthorised trawling. === Pitcairn Islands Dark Sky Sanctuary === In March 2019 the International Dark-Sky Association approved the Pitcairn Islands as a Dark Sky Sanctuary.
As of 2019, the government has been operating the MV Silver Supporter as the island's only dedicated passenger/cargo vessel, providing adventure tourism holidays to Pitcairn every week.
The supply ship was replaced in 2019 by . Totegegie Airport in Mangareva can be reached by air from the French Polynesian capital Papeete. There is one paved road leading up from Bounty Bay through Adamstown. The main modes of transport on Pitcairn Islands are by four-wheel drive quad bikes and on foot.
As of January 2020, there were 43 permanent inhabitants. == History == === Polynesian settlement and extinction === The earliest known settlers of the Pitcairn Islands were Polynesians who appear to have lived on Pitcairn and Henderson, and on Mangareva Island to the northwest, for several centuries from at least the 12th century.
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