The SDP won two county prefect elections, the city of Zagreb mayoral election, the HSS and the HNS won a single county prefect election each. ==History== ===Within Austria-Hungary=== Events of 1848 in Europe and the Austrian Empire brought dramatic changes to Croatian society and politics, provoking the Croatian national revival that strongly influenced and significantly shaped political and social events in Croatia.
Two political parties that evolved in the 1860s and contributed significantly to the sentiment were the Party of Rights, led by Starčević and Kvaternik, and the People's Party, led by Janko Drašković, Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, Josip Juraj Strossmayer and Ivan Mažuranić.
They were opposed by the National Constitutional Party, which was in power for most of the period between the 1860s and the 1918, and advocated closer ties between Croatia and Hungary. Other significant parties formed in the era were the Serb People's Independent Party, which later formed the Croat-Serb Coalition with the Party of Rights and other Croat and Serb parties.
In the period 1861–1918 there were seventeen elections in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and ten in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. ===First and Second Yugoslavia=== After the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the HSS established itself as the most popular Croatian political party and was very popular despite efforts to ban it.
A period of neo-absolutism was followed by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement, which granted limited independence to Croatia.
The Autonomists won the first three elections, but all elections since 1870 were won by the People's Party.
By 1900, the Party of Rights had made considerable gains in Dalmatia.
The Coalition ruled Croatia between 1903 and 1918.
The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), established in 1904 and led by Stjepan Radić, advocated Croatian autonomy but achieved only moderate gains by 1918.
In 1918, the Transleithanian part of Croatia was divided into eight counties with their seats in Bjelovar, Gospić, Ogulin, Požega, Vukovar, Varaždin, Osijek and Zagreb; the 1992 legislation established fifteen counties in the same territory.
They were opposed by the National Constitutional Party, which was in power for most of the period between the 1860s and the 1918, and advocated closer ties between Croatia and Hungary. Other significant parties formed in the era were the Serb People's Independent Party, which later formed the Croat-Serb Coalition with the Party of Rights and other Croat and Serb parties.
The Coalition ruled Croatia between 1903 and 1918.
The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), established in 1904 and led by Stjepan Radić, advocated Croatian autonomy but achieved only moderate gains by 1918.
The traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s, when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced oblasts and banovinas respectively.
The 1921 constitution defined the kingdom as a unitary state and abolished the historical administrative divisions, which effectively ended Croatian autonomy; the constitution was opposed by HSS.
The political situation deteriorated further as Stjepan Radić of the HSS was assassinated in the Yugoslav Parliament in 1928, leading to the dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929.
The political situation deteriorated further as Stjepan Radić of the HSS was assassinated in the Yugoslav Parliament in 1928, leading to the dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929.
The HSS, now led by Vladko Maček, continued to advocate the federalisation of Yugoslavia, resulting in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia.
After 1945 under Communist rule, Croatia, as a constituent part of Yugoslavia, abolished these earlier divisions and introduced municipalities, subdividing Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities.
Since then, the HSS continues to operate abroad. In the 1945 election, the Communists were unopposed because the other parties abstained.
In 1971, the Croatian national movement, which sought greater civil rights and the decentralisation of the Yugoslav economy, culminated in the Croatian Spring, which was suppressed by the Yugoslav leadership.
Following the collapse of the ruling Communist League, Croatia adopted a new constitution in 1990 – which replaced the 1974 constitution adopted by the Socialist Republic of Croatia – and organised its first multi-party elections.
In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines; the Croatian faction demanded a looser federation. ===Modern Croatia=== In 1989, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia decided to tolerate political parties in response to growing demands to allow political activities outside the Communist party.
The first political party founded in Croatia since the beginning of the Communist rule was the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), established on 20 May 1989, followed by the Croatian Democratic Union on 17 June 1989.
In December 1989, Ivica Račan became the head of the reformed Communist party.
The most relevant parties and coalitions were the League of Communists of Croatia – Party of Democratic Changes (the renamed Communist party), the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), and the Coalition of People's Accord (KNS), which included the HSLS led by Dražen Budiša, and the HSS, which resumed operating in Croatia in December 1989.
The parliament adopted the current Constitution of Croatia on 22 December 1990 and decided to declare independence from Yugoslavia on 25 May 1991.
Following the collapse of the ruling Communist League, Croatia adopted a new constitution in 1990 – which replaced the 1974 constitution adopted by the Socialist Republic of Croatia – and organised its first multi-party elections.
While the 1990 constitution remains in force, it has been amended four times since its adoption—in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2010.
Under its 1990 constitution, Croatia operated a semi-presidential system until 2000 when it switched to a parliamentary system.
A second chamber, the Chamber of Counties (Županijski dom), was set up in 1993 pursuant to the 1990 Constitution.
Eight nationwide local elections have been held in Croatia since 1990, the most recent being the 2017 local elections to elect county prefects and councils, and city and municipal councils and mayors.
In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines; the Croatian faction demanded a looser federation. ===Modern Croatia=== In 1989, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia decided to tolerate political parties in response to growing demands to allow political activities outside the Communist party.
The Civil Organisations Act was formally amended to allow political parties on 11 January 1990, legalising the parties that were already founded. By the time of the first round of the first multi-party elections, held on 22 April 1990, there were 33 registered parties.
The runoff election was held on 6 May 1990.
During his terms, the Constitution of Croatia, adopted in 1990, provided for a semi-presidential system.
The parliament adopted the current Constitution of Croatia on 22 December 1990 and decided to declare independence from Yugoslavia on 25 May 1991.
The Constitutional Decision on the Sovereignty and Independence of the Republic of Croatia came into effect on 8 October 1991.
Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 8 October 1991, which led to the breakup of Yugoslavia.
Franjo Gregurić, of the HDZ, was appointed prime minister to head a national unity government in July 1991 as the Croatian War of Independence escalated in intensity.
During his term, Croatia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia took effect on 8 October 1991.
Croatia's status as a country was internationally recognised by the United Nations in 1992.
Counties, significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre-1920s subdivisions, were reintroduced in 1992 legislation.
In 1918, the Transleithanian part of Croatia was divided into eight counties with their seats in Bjelovar, Gospić, Ogulin, Požega, Vukovar, Varaždin, Osijek and Zagreb; the 1992 legislation established fifteen counties in the same territory.
Since the counties were re-established in 1992, Croatia is divided into twenty counties and the capital city of Zagreb, the latter having the authority and legal status of a county and a city at the same time.
His appointment lasted until August 1992.
The HDZ returned to power in the 2003 parliamentary election, while the SDP remained the largest opposition party. Franjo Tuđman won the presidential elections in 1992 and 1997.
A second chamber, the Chamber of Counties (Županijski dom), was set up in 1993 pursuant to the 1990 Constitution.
While the 1990 constitution remains in force, it has been amended four times since its adoption—in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2010.
The HDZ returned to power in the 2003 parliamentary election, while the SDP remained the largest opposition party. Franjo Tuđman won the presidential elections in 1992 and 1997.
After Tuđman's death in 1999, the constitution was amended and much of the presidential powers were transferred to the parliament and the government.
While the 1990 constitution remains in force, it has been amended four times since its adoption—in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2010.
Under its 1990 constitution, Croatia operated a semi-presidential system until 2000 when it switched to a parliamentary system.
The HDZ maintained a parliamentary majority until the 2000 parliamentary election, when it was defeated by the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP), led by Račan.
Stjepan Mesić won two consecutive terms in 2000 and 2005 on a Croatian People's Party (HNS) ticket.
While the 1990 constitution remains in force, it has been amended four times since its adoption—in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2010.
However, as it had no practical power over the Chamber of Representatives, it was abolished in 2001 and its powers were transferred to the county governments.
A special State Attorney's Office dedicated to combatting corruption and organised crime, USKOK, was set up in late 2001. ==Local government== Croatia was first subdivided into counties (županija) in the Middle Ages.
The HDZ returned to power in the 2003 parliamentary election, while the SDP remained the largest opposition party. Franjo Tuđman won the presidential elections in 1992 and 1997.
Stjepan Mesić won two consecutive terms in 2000 and 2005 on a Croatian People's Party (HNS) ticket.
In some instances, the boundaries of the counties have been changed, with the latest revision taking place in 2006.
In the 2007 parliamentary election the eleventh constituency elected five MPs.
Ivo Josipović, an SDP candidate, won the presidential elections in December 2009 and January 2010.
While the 1990 constitution remains in force, it has been amended four times since its adoption—in 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2010.
By the time EU accession negotiations were completed on 30 June 2010, Croatian legislation was fully harmonised with the Community acquis.
Ivo Josipović, an SDP candidate, won the presidential elections in December 2009 and January 2010.
Constitutional changes first applied in the 2011 parliamentary election have abolished this scheme and permanently assigned three MPs to the eleventh constituency.
As of June 2012, the president of the Constitutional Court is Jasna Omejec.
Croatia became a member state of the European Union on 1 July 2013. ==Executive== The President of the Republic (Predsjednik/ica Republike) is the head of state; he or she is directly elected and serves a five-year term.
The most recent presidential election was held on 11 January 2015 and was won by Zoran Milanovic.
As of January 2015, the president of the National Judicial Council is Ranko Marijan, who is also a Supreme Court judge. The State Attorney's Office represents the state in legal procedures.
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović defeated Josipović in the January 2015 election run-off, becoming the first female president of Croatia. In January 2020, former prime minister Zoran Milanovic of the Social Democrats (SDP) won the presidential election.
As of 19 October 2016, the Deputy Prime Ministers are Martina Dalić, Davor Ivo Stier, Ivan Kovačić, and Damir Krstičević.
As of 19 October 2016, the prime minister is Andrej Plenković. |President |Zoran Milanović |Social Democratic Party of Croatia |19 February 2021 |- |Prime Minister |Andrej Plenković |Croatian Democratic Union |19 October 2016 |} ==Legislature== The Parliament of Croatia (Sabor) is a unicameral legislative body.
The last parliamentary election was held on 11 September 2016 in Croatia and on 10 and 11 September 2016 abroad. The Sabor meets in public sessions in two periods; the first from 15 January to 30 June, and the second from 15 September to 15 December.
The last parliamentary election, held in 2016, elected 151 MPs. The county prefects and city and municipal mayors are elected to four-year terms by majority of votes cast within applicable local government units.
Since 2016 ruled HDZ-led coalition of prime minister Andrej Plenković continued to govern. ==See also== List of political parties in Croatia Foreign relations of Croatia Republic of Croatia Armed Forces ==Notes== ==References==
As of 2017, the president of the Supreme Court is Đuro Sessa.
Eight nationwide local elections have been held in Croatia since 1990, the most recent being the 2017 local elections to elect county prefects and councils, and city and municipal councils and mayors.
In 2017, the HDZ-led coalitions won a majority or plurality in fifteen county councils and thirteen county prefect elections.
As of April 2018, Dražen Jelenić is the General State Attorney, and there are twenty-three deputies in the central office and lower-ranking State Attorneys at fifteen county and thirty-three municipal State Attorney's Offices.
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović defeated Josipović in the January 2015 election run-off, becoming the first female president of Croatia. In January 2020, former prime minister Zoran Milanovic of the Social Democrats (SDP) won the presidential election.
He defeated center-right incumbent Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic of the ruling Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) in the second round of the election. In July 2020, the ruling right-wing HDZ won the parliamentary election.
As of 19 October 2016, the prime minister is Andrej Plenković. |President |Zoran Milanović |Social Democratic Party of Croatia |19 February 2021 |- |Prime Minister |Andrej Plenković |Croatian Democratic Union |19 October 2016 |} ==Legislature== The Parliament of Croatia (Sabor) is a unicameral legislative body.
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