The federal government represents the United Mexican States and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917.
MORENA won its official recognition in 2014, and dominated the 2018 elections. According to a survey by the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 2017, 74 percent of Mexicans believe that Mexico's electoral system is not transparent and distrust official results. == Framework of twentieth-century politics == In the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), the Constitution of 1917 set the legal framework for the Mexican government.
Revolutionary generals dominated politics in the 1920s and 1930s.
With the assassination of former general and President-elect Alvaro Obregón in 1928, former general and out-going President of Mexico, Plutarco Elías Calles, founded a political party, the Partido Nacional Revolutionario (PNR), to solve the immediate political crisis of the assassination and to create a long term framework for political stability, especially the transition of presidential regimes.
Founded in 1929 as the Partido Nacional Revolucionario ("National Revolutionary Party"), PRI has dominated Mexican politics for over 70 years.
In 2000 the first non-PRI president since 1929 was elected. ==Elections and political composition of the institutions== Suffrage is universal, free, secret and direct for all Mexican citizens 18 and older, and is compulsory (but not enforced).
In 1929, all factions and generals of the Mexican Revolution were united into a single party, the National Revolutionary Party (NRP), with the aim of stabilizing the country and ending internal conflicts.
Revolutionary generals dominated politics in the 1920s and 1930s.
PAN was founded in 1939, but it did not win its first governorship until 1989; its candidates won the presidency in 2000 and 2006.
Even though since the 1940s, PAN had won a couple of seats in the Congress, and in 1947 the first presidential municipality (in Quiroga, Michoacán|italic=no), it wasn't until 1989, that the first non-PRI state governor was elected (at Baja California|italic=no).
Moreover, Cárdenas presidency happened before the UN focused on states as the rule in the 1940s and 1950s. The NRP was later renamed the Mexican Revolution Party and finally the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
In 1946, the party was transformed into the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and the army was no longer a sector.
Even though since the 1940s, PAN had won a couple of seats in the Congress, and in 1947 the first presidential municipality (in Quiroga, Michoacán|italic=no), it wasn't until 1989, that the first non-PRI state governor was elected (at Baja California|italic=no).
Moreover, Cárdenas presidency happened before the UN focused on states as the rule in the 1940s and 1950s. The NRP was later renamed the Mexican Revolution Party and finally the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
Even though in the 1960s, a couple (of more than two thousand) municipalities were governed by opposition parties, the first state government to be won by an opposition party was Baja California, in 1989. Historically, there were important high-profile defections from the Institutional Revolutionary Party, like the ones of Juan Andreu Almazán (1940), Ezequiel Padilla (1946), Miguel Henríquez Guzmán (1952), and Cuahtémoc Cárdenas (1988), son of President Lázaro Cárdenas.
Several empirical studies point to a correlation between the existence of natural resources and the difficulty of turning into a democracy. The first cracks in the system, even though they were merely symbolic, were the 1970s reforms to the electoral system and the composition of the Congress of the Union which for the first time incorporated proportional representation seats allowing opposition parties to obtain seats, though limited in number, in the Chamber of Deputies.
Once each party in the coalition has been assigned plurinominal seats, they do not necessarily continue to work as a coalition in government. Throughout the 20th century, PRI had an almost hegemonic power at the state and federal level, which slowly began to recede in the late 1980s.
The beginnings of PRD go back to 1988 when dissident members of PRI decided to challenge the leadership and nominated Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas for president of Mexico.
In 1988, when Carlos Salinas de Gortari, a Harvard-trained economist, was chosen as the PRI presidential candidate, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, son of former President Lázaro Cárdenas, broke with the PRI ran as a coalition candidate.
The 1988 elections were "the most fraudulent in Mexico's history.
These departures happened mainly because they opposed the presidential candidate nominations; however, only Cárdenas departure in 1988 resulted in the establishment of another political party (Party of the Democratic Revolution). The presidential elections held in 1988 marked a watershed in Mexican politics, as they were the first serious threat to the party in power by an opposition candidate: Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, who was nominated by a broad coalition of leftist parties.
PAN was founded in 1939, but it did not win its first governorship until 1989; its candidates won the presidency in 2000 and 2006.
In 1989 the leftists who had bolted the PRI formed the Party of the Democratic Revolution.
Even though since the 1940s, PAN had won a couple of seats in the Congress, and in 1947 the first presidential municipality (in Quiroga, Michoacán|italic=no), it wasn't until 1989, that the first non-PRI state governor was elected (at Baja California|italic=no).
Even though in the 1960s, a couple (of more than two thousand) municipalities were governed by opposition parties, the first state government to be won by an opposition party was Baja California, in 1989. Historically, there were important high-profile defections from the Institutional Revolutionary Party, like the ones of Juan Andreu Almazán (1940), Ezequiel Padilla (1946), Miguel Henríquez Guzmán (1952), and Cuahtémoc Cárdenas (1988), son of President Lázaro Cárdenas.
Vicente Fox won the election with 43% of the vote, followed by PRI candidate Francisco Labastida with 36%, and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) with 17%. Numerous electoral reforms implemented after 1989 aided in the opening of the Mexican political system, and opposition parties made historic gains in elections at all levels.
Capitalizing on the popularity of President Salinas, however, the PRI rebounded in the mid-term congressional elections of 1991, winning 320 seats. Subsequent changes included the creation of the Federal Electoral Institute in the 1990s and the inclusion of proportional representation and first minority seats in the Senate.
Capitalizing on the popularity of President Salinas, however, the PRI rebounded in the mid-term congressional elections of 1991, winning 320 seats. Subsequent changes included the creation of the Federal Electoral Institute in the 1990s and the inclusion of proportional representation and first minority seats in the Senate.
The presidential election of 1994 was judged to be the first relatively free election in modern Mexican history.
During 1995-96 the political parties negotiated constitutional amendments to address these issues.
It was in 1997, that PRI lost its absolute majority at the Congress of the Union.
PAN was founded in 1939, but it did not win its first governorship until 1989; its candidates won the presidency in 2000 and 2006.
In 2000 the first non-PRI president since 1929 was elected. ==Elections and political composition of the institutions== Suffrage is universal, free, secret and direct for all Mexican citizens 18 and older, and is compulsory (but not enforced).
Roberto Madrazo, the presidential candidate, polled only 22.3 percent of the vote, and the party ended up with only 121 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, a loss of more than half of what the party had obtained in 2003, and 38 seats in the Senate, a loss of 22 seats.
Penn State University Press 2004.
PAN was founded in 1939, but it did not win its first governorship until 1989; its candidates won the presidency in 2000 and 2006.
Deputies and senators were not allowed to immediately succeed themselves until 2018; Both may now serve a maximum of 12 consecutive years. ===Federal elections=== ==== 2006 ==== Federal presidential elections were held on July 2, 2006 concurrent with the full renovation of both chambers of the Congress of the Union.
He took office on December 1, 2006 and his term ended on November 30, 2012.
In short, the extensive reform efforts have "leveled the playing field" for the parties. The 2006 elections saw the PRI fall to third place behind both the PAN and the PRD.
MORENA grew out of a dispute between Andrés Manuel López Obrador and other leaders of PRD after his loss in the 2012 presidential election.
He took office on December 1, 2006 and his term ended on November 30, 2012.
This election has been noted by scholars, including Mexican sociologist Jacqueline Peschard, for the "breakdown in consensus that nearly resulted" as a result of the ensuing indeterminacy and the problems that has posed for Mexican democracy. ==== 2012 ==== In 2012, Mexico elected Enrique Peña Nieto as President. ==== 2018 ==== In 2018, Mexico elected Andrés Manuel López Obrador as President.
MORENA won its official recognition in 2014, and dominated the 2018 elections. According to a survey by the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 2017, 74 percent of Mexicans believe that Mexico's electoral system is not transparent and distrust official results. == Framework of twentieth-century politics == In the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), the Constitution of 1917 set the legal framework for the Mexican government.
He ran under a three-party coalition led by the leftist National Regeneration Movement party (Morena) he founded in 2014. ===State elections=== The elections in each state are done at different times, depending on the state, and are not necessarily held at the same time with the federal elections.
MORENA won its official recognition in 2014, and dominated the 2018 elections. According to a survey by the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 2017, 74 percent of Mexicans believe that Mexico's electoral system is not transparent and distrust official results. == Framework of twentieth-century politics == In the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), the Constitution of 1917 set the legal framework for the Mexican government.
MORENA won its official recognition in 2014, and dominated the 2018 elections. According to a survey by the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 2017, 74 percent of Mexicans believe that Mexico's electoral system is not transparent and distrust official results. == Framework of twentieth-century politics == In the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), the Constitution of 1917 set the legal framework for the Mexican government.
However, the term of the current president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, will be only 5 years, 10 months (December 1, 2018 — September 30, 2024) due to a Constitutional change.
Deputies and senators were not allowed to immediately succeed themselves until 2018; Both may now serve a maximum of 12 consecutive years. ===Federal elections=== ==== 2006 ==== Federal presidential elections were held on July 2, 2006 concurrent with the full renovation of both chambers of the Congress of the Union.
This election has been noted by scholars, including Mexican sociologist Jacqueline Peschard, for the "breakdown in consensus that nearly resulted" as a result of the ensuing indeterminacy and the problems that has posed for Mexican democracy. ==== 2012 ==== In 2012, Mexico elected Enrique Peña Nieto as President. ==== 2018 ==== In 2018, Mexico elected Andrés Manuel López Obrador as President.
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