The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. ==Socialist period and single party government== Shortly after the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, Mongolia adopted a one-party socialist republican constitution modelled after the Soviet Union; only the communist party — the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) — was officially permitted to function.
On the morning of 10 December 1989, the first open pro-democracy demonstration was held in front of the Youth Cultural Centre in Ulaanbaatar.
Jambyn Batmönkh, chairman of the Politburo decided to dissolve the Politburo and to resign on 9 March 1990, paving the way for the first multi-party elections in Mongolia.
The country's President was Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat (Democratic Party) during 1990-1997.
Ochirbat was a member of MPRP until 1990 but changed his party membership to Democratic Party following the democratic revolution. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, as the chairman of the Democratic Party, co-led the Democratic Union Coalition to its first time historic victory in the 1996 parliamentary elections winning 50 out of 76 parliamentary seats.
After the 1990 Democratic Revolution, then-Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party transitioned into a centre-left social democratic party.
In November 1991, the People's Great Khural began discussion on a new constitution and adopted it on 13 January 1992.
In November 1991, the People's Great Khural began discussion on a new constitution and adopted it on 13 January 1992.
The Constitution entered into force on 12 February 1992.
In addition to establishing Mongolia as an independent, sovereign republic and guaranteeing a number of rights and freedoms, the new constitution restructured the legislative branch of government, creating a unicameral legislature, the State Great Khural, with 76 members. The 1992 constitution provided that the president would be directly elected by popular vote rather than by the legislature as before.
In June 1993, incumbent Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat won the first direct presidential election, running as the candidate of the democratic opposition. As the supreme legislative organ, the State Great Khural is empowered to enact and amend laws, regarding domestic and foreign policy, to ratify international agreements, and declare a state of emergency by the constitution.
The Speaker of the State Great Khural is elected by the members of the parliament, and one deputy speaker is appointed by each political party or coalition with at least 10 seats in the parliament. ==Political developments== Until June 1996 the predominant party in Mongolia was the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP).
Ochirbat was a member of MPRP until 1990 but changed his party membership to Democratic Party following the democratic revolution. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, as the chairman of the Democratic Party, co-led the Democratic Union Coalition to its first time historic victory in the 1996 parliamentary elections winning 50 out of 76 parliamentary seats.
Democratic Union Coalition of Democratic Party and Social Democratic Party (chairman Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj) was in power in 1996-2000.
Mendsaikhany Enkhsaikhan, election manager of Democratic Union Coalition worked as the Prime Minister from 7 July 1996 to 23 April 1998.
Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal became Democratic Party's new chairman and served as the Prime Minister from 30 July 1999 to 26 July 2000. In 1997 Natsagiin Bagabandi (MPRP) was elected as the country's President in 1997 Mongolian presidential election.
Mendsaikhany Enkhsaikhan, election manager of Democratic Union Coalition worked as the Prime Minister from 7 July 1996 to 23 April 1998.
In 1998, a clause in the constitution was removed that prohibited members of parliament to take cabinet responsibility.
Thus on 23 April 1998, the parliament elected (61–6) Elbegdorj, chairman of the Democratic Union Coalition and the Majority Group in parliament as the Prime Minister.
Due to opposition MPRP's demand Elbegdorj lost confidence vote at the Parliament and was replaced by Janlavyn Narantsatsralt (Democratic Party) on 9 December 1998.
Janlavyn Narantsatsralt worked as the Prime Minister for eight months until his resignation in July 1999.
Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal became Democratic Party's new chairman and served as the Prime Minister from 30 July 1999 to 26 July 2000. In 1997 Natsagiin Bagabandi (MPRP) was elected as the country's President in 1997 Mongolian presidential election.
Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal became Democratic Party's new chairman and served as the Prime Minister from 30 July 1999 to 26 July 2000. In 1997 Natsagiin Bagabandi (MPRP) was elected as the country's President in 1997 Mongolian presidential election.
He was re-elected as President in 2001 Mongolian presidential election and served as the country's President until 2005. As a result of 2000 parliamentary elections MPRP was back in power in the parliament and the government as well as the presidency. The vote in the 2004 parliamentary elections was evenly split between the two major political forces – Motherland-Democratic Coalition of Democratic Party and Motherland Party and the MPRP.
On the other hand, the Democratic Party was established in 2000, integrating minor political parties established by the leaders of the Democratic Revolution.
He was re-elected as President in 2001 Mongolian presidential election and served as the country's President until 2005. As a result of 2000 parliamentary elections MPRP was back in power in the parliament and the government as well as the presidency. The vote in the 2004 parliamentary elections was evenly split between the two major political forces – Motherland-Democratic Coalition of Democratic Party and Motherland Party and the MPRP.
He was re-elected as President in 2001 Mongolian presidential election and served as the country's President until 2005. As a result of 2000 parliamentary elections MPRP was back in power in the parliament and the government as well as the presidency. The vote in the 2004 parliamentary elections was evenly split between the two major political forces – Motherland-Democratic Coalition of Democratic Party and Motherland Party and the MPRP.
On 20 August 2004, Elbegdorj became the Prime Minister of Mongolia for the second time leading a grand coalition government. In 2005 Mongolian presidential election Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) was elected as the country's President. The MPRP won a majority (46 of 76 seats) in 2008 parliamentary elections.
Narangerel, Legal System of Mongolia, Interpress, 2004 ==References== ==External links== official website of the Office of the President of Mongolia official website of the Office of the Parliament of Mongolia official website of the Government of Mongolia Erik Herron's Guide to Politics in East Central Europe and Eurasia মঙ্গোলিয়া#রাজনীতি
He was re-elected as President in 2001 Mongolian presidential election and served as the country's President until 2005. As a result of 2000 parliamentary elections MPRP was back in power in the parliament and the government as well as the presidency. The vote in the 2004 parliamentary elections was evenly split between the two major political forces – Motherland-Democratic Coalition of Democratic Party and Motherland Party and the MPRP.
On 20 August 2004, Elbegdorj became the Prime Minister of Mongolia for the second time leading a grand coalition government. In 2005 Mongolian presidential election Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) was elected as the country's President. The MPRP won a majority (46 of 76 seats) in 2008 parliamentary elections.
On 20 August 2004, Elbegdorj became the Prime Minister of Mongolia for the second time leading a grand coalition government. In 2005 Mongolian presidential election Nambaryn Enkhbayar (MPRP) was elected as the country's President. The MPRP won a majority (46 of 76 seats) in 2008 parliamentary elections.
MPRP formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party although MPRP had enough seats to form a government alone in parliament. On 24 May 2009, in 2009 Mongolian presidential election, Democratic Party candidate Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj made a victory over incumbent President Nambaryn Enkhbayar.
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj was sworn into office and became the country's president on 18 June 2009.
After his defeat in 2009 presidential election, Nambaryn Enkhbayar established a new political party and named it Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party after receiving the old name of Mongolian People's Party from the Supreme Court of Mongolia in 2010.
Elbegdorj is Mongolia's first president to never have been a member of the former communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and the first to obtain a Western education. In 2010 former communist party Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party reverted its name to its original name, the Mongolian People's Party.
After his defeat in 2009 presidential election, Nambaryn Enkhbayar established a new political party and named it Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party after receiving the old name of Mongolian People's Party from the Supreme Court of Mongolia in 2010.
In 2010, Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party changed its name to Mongolian People's Party along with modifications in the party manifesto and leadership; however, the former president Nambaryn Enkhbayar's faction and other conservative members departed from the party and created a new political party taking the original name, Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.
In 2011, National Labour Party, a centre-left party, was established as an alternative to the Mongolian People's Party and the Democratic Party and gained a notable support from the populace.
Enkhbayar became the chairman of the new party. In June 2012 the Democratic Party won the 2012 parliamentary elections and became the majority in the parliament.
Thus, since 2012 the Democratic Party has been in power holding both presidency and government. Subsequently, in 2016, the party suffered a landslide defeat in that year’s parliamentary election, being reduced to only 9 seats, although they would narrowly retain the presidency in the presidential election held in 2017, in which Khaltmaagiin Battulga was elected to succeed Elbegdorj, the outgoing president.
Members of the parliament were: 35 from Democratic Party, 26 from Mongolian People's Party, 11 from Justice Coalition, 2 from Civil Will-Green Party, and 3 independents. Incumbent President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, candidate of Democratic Party won the 2013 Mongolian presidential election on 26 June 2013 and was sworn into office for his second term as President of Mongolia on 10 July 2013.
Thus, since 2012 the Democratic Party has been in power holding both presidency and government. Subsequently, in 2016, the party suffered a landslide defeat in that year’s parliamentary election, being reduced to only 9 seats, although they would narrowly retain the presidency in the presidential election held in 2017, in which Khaltmaagiin Battulga was elected to succeed Elbegdorj, the outgoing president.
Thus, since 2012 the Democratic Party has been in power holding both presidency and government. Subsequently, in 2016, the party suffered a landslide defeat in that year’s parliamentary election, being reduced to only 9 seats, although they would narrowly retain the presidency in the presidential election held in 2017, in which Khaltmaagiin Battulga was elected to succeed Elbegdorj, the outgoing president.
He rerpresented a younger generation of leaders that had studied abroad. ==Executive branch== |President |Battulga Khaltmaa |Democratic Party |10 July 2017 |- |Prime Minister ||Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene |Mongolian People's Party |27 January 2021 |} ==President== The presidential candidates are usually nominated by parties those have seats in the State Great Khural.
After being elected, the president-elect must give up their party affiliations to act as the "symbol of unity". In June 2017, opposition Democratic Party candidate Khaltmaagiin Battulga won the presidential election.
He was inagurated On 10 July, 2017. ==Cabinet== The Cabinet, headed by the Prime Minister, has a four-year term.
However, in 2019, the State Great Khural passed a law that allows the National Security Council (composed of speaker of parliament, president and prime minister) to dismiss judges who are "dishonest", effectively removing their immunity that meant to prevent outside interventions to court decisions.
Therefore, Mongolia currently has divided government, with the Mongolian People’s Party having an overwhelming majority in the Khural, while the Democratic Party holds the presidency. On June 24, 2020, Mongolian People's Party was re-elected to the parliament with a landslide victory.
In 2020 elections, it was able to obtain a number of seats in both the State Great Khural and municipal councils with hopes to increase its political power in the upcoming elections. There are 36 political parties recognised by the Supreme Court.
However, critics say there is no major idealogical differences between the political parties on issues like economic policies and governance. ===2017 presidential election=== ===2020 legislative election=== In 2020 legislative election, Mongolian People's Party maintained its majority in the parliament. ==Legal system== The new constitution empowered a Judicial General Council (JGC) to select all judges and protect their rights.
Unlike federal republics like Germany and the United States, local governments in Mongolia hold limited authority, and are generally tasked with implementing the central government policies. On the next lower administrative level, representatives are elected in provincial subdivisions and urban sub-districts in Ulaanbaatar. The latest municipal elections took place on 15 October 2020.
Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh will continue to head the cabinet providing government stability and policy certainty. After Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh had resigned after protests over the treatment of a coronavirus patient, Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdeneo of MPP became new prime minister on 27 January 2021.
He rerpresented a younger generation of leaders that had studied abroad. ==Executive branch== |President |Battulga Khaltmaa |Democratic Party |10 July 2017 |- |Prime Minister ||Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene |Mongolian People's Party |27 January 2021 |} ==President== The presidential candidates are usually nominated by parties those have seats in the State Great Khural.
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