The thousand year line of Burmese monarchy concluded with the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885.
It was administered as a province that was part of the British India until 1937.
Several broadcasters around the world believe Myanmar democracy have reached another dead end [Citation needed]. == History == === Independence era === On 4 January 1948, Burma achieved independence from Britain, and became a democracy based on the parliamentary system. In late 1946 Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Burma, a transitional government.
But on 19 July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members.
This conflict would come to be very significant in the aftermath of World War II when Burma was granted its independence from Great Britain in 1948.
The formation of the new Burmese constitution in 1948 was cemented by the Pin-Lone agreement, which was signed by every ethnic leader in support of the new found union.
Several broadcasters around the world believe Myanmar democracy have reached another dead end [Citation needed]. == History == === Independence era === On 4 January 1948, Burma achieved independence from Britain, and became a democracy based on the parliamentary system. In late 1946 Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Burma, a transitional government.
On 4 January 1948, the nation became an independent republic, named the Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first president and U Nu as its first prime minister.
A period of instability with leaders that failed to represent every ethnicity's best interest followed. Democracy was suspended in the country following a coup in 1962.
From 1962 to 1988, the country was ruled by the Burma Socialist Programme Party as a one-party state guided by the Burmese Way to Socialism.
Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was Secretary-General was a young Aung San Suu Kyi. === Military socialist era === In 1962, General Ne Win led a coup d'état and established a nominally socialist military government that sought to follow the "Burmese Way to Socialism".
On 7 July 1962, the government broke up demonstrations at Rangoon University, killing 15 students.
In 1974, the military violently suppressed anti-government protests at the funeral of U Thant.
Student protests in 1975, 1976 and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force.
Student protests in 1975, 1976 and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force.
Student protests in 1975, 1976 and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force.
From 1962 to 1988, the country was ruled by the Burma Socialist Programme Party as a one-party state guided by the Burmese Way to Socialism.
But the 1988 Uprising cemented the social, political, and civil unrests that have plagued the country since. The SPDC junta which took power in 1988 had been responsible for the displacement of several hundred thousand citizens, both inside and outside of Burma.
The government was deposed following the 1988 Uprising, but was replaced by a military junta. === SPDC era === The former [of state] was Senior General Than Shwe who held the title of "Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council".
It was the first national vote since the 1990 election.
The National League for Democracy, which overwhelmingly won the previous 1990 elections but were never allowed to take power, decided not to participate. The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory, winning 259 of the 330 contested seats.
These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since 1990.
Many stopped sourcing from Burma after protests, starting with Levi Strauss in 1992.
From 1992 to 2003, Free Burma activists successfully forced dozens of clothing and shoe companies to stop sourcing from Burma.
These groups are perhaps more fortunate than the Wa and Shan ethnic groups, who have become Internally Displaced Peoples in their own state since being removed from lands by the military junta in 2000.
The government uses software-based filtering from US company Fortinet to limit the materials citizens can access on-line, including free email services, free web hosting and most political opposition and pro-democracy pages. In 2001, the government permitted NLD office branches to re-open throughout Burma.
Human Rights Defenders and Promoters, formed in 2002 to raise awareness among the people of Burma about their human rights, claims that on 18 April 2007, several of its members were met by approximately a hundred people led by a local USDA Secretary U Nyunt Oo and beaten up.
From 1992 to 2003, Free Burma activists successfully forced dozens of clothing and shoe companies to stop sourcing from Burma.
The US government banned all imports from Burma as part of the "Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act" of 2003.
In 2006, many members resigned from NLD, citing harassment and pressure from the Tatmadaw (Armed Forces) and the Union Solidarity and Development Association. The military government placed Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest again on 31 May 2003, following an attack on her convoy in northern Burma by a mob reported to be in league with the military.
His appointed prime minister was Khin Nyunt until 19 October 2004, when he was forcibly deposed in favour of Gen.
However, they were shut down or heavily restricted beginning 2004, as part of a government campaign to prohibit such activities.
The regime extended her house arrest for yet another year in late November 2005.
In 2006, many members resigned from NLD, citing harassment and pressure from the Tatmadaw (Armed Forces) and the Union Solidarity and Development Association. The military government placed Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest again on 31 May 2003, following an attack on her convoy in northern Burma by a mob reported to be in league with the military.
Despite a direct appeal by Kofi Annan to Than Shwe and pressure from ASEAN, the Burmese government extended Aung San Suu Kyi's house arrest another year on 27 May 2006.
Human Rights Defenders and Promoters, formed in 2002 to raise awareness among the people of Burma about their human rights, claims that on 18 April 2007, several of its members were met by approximately a hundred people led by a local USDA Secretary U Nyunt Oo and beaten up.
Myanmar (also known as Burma) operates de jure as a unitary assembly-independent republic under its 2008 constitution. On 1 February 2021, Myanmar's military took over the government in a coup.
In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the human rights situation in Burma and calling for Aug San Suu Kyi's release—80 countries voting for the resolution, 25 against and 45 abstentions.
However, organizations such as Human Rights Watch allege continued human rights abuses in ongoing conflicts in border regions such as Kachin State and Rakhine State. === New constitution === Myanmar's army-drafted constitution was overwhelmingly approved (by 92.4% of the 22 million voters with alleged voter turnout of 99%) on 10 May 2008 in the first phase of a two-stage referendum and Cyclone Nargis.
Currently the Chairman of the State Administration Council is the de facto head of government. The Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Defense Forces (Tatmadaw) has the right to appoint 25% of the members in all legislative assembly which means that legislations cannot obtain super-majority without support from Tatmadaw, thus preventing democratically elected members from amending the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar.
She was released in 2010. The United Nations urged the country to move towards inclusive national reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full respect for human rights.
Other nations, such as China and Russia, have been less critical of the regime and prefer to co-operate on economic matters. Facing increasing international isolation, Burma's military government agreed to embark upon a programme of reform, including permitting multiple political parties to contest elections in 2010 and 2012 and the release of political prisoners.
Multi-party elections in 2010 would end 5 decades of military rule, as the new charter gives the military an automatic 25% of seats in parliament.
In some villages, authorities and polling station officials ticked the ballots themselves and did not let the voters do anything". ===2010 election=== An election was held in 2010, with 40 parties approved to contest the elections by the Electoral Commission.
The United Nations and many Western countries have condemned the elections as fraudulent, although the decision to hold elections was praised by China and Russia. ===2012 by-elections=== In by-elections held in 2012, the main opposition party National League for Democracy, which was only re-registered for the by-elections on 13 December 2011 won in 43 of the 44 seats they contested (out of 46).
Other nations, such as China and Russia, have been less critical of the regime and prefer to co-operate on economic matters. Facing increasing international isolation, Burma's military government agreed to embark upon a programme of reform, including permitting multiple political parties to contest elections in 2010 and 2012 and the release of political prisoners.
The United Nations and many Western countries have condemned the elections as fraudulent, although the decision to hold elections was praised by China and Russia. ===2012 by-elections=== In by-elections held in 2012, the main opposition party National League for Democracy, which was only re-registered for the by-elections on 13 December 2011 won in 43 of the 44 seats they contested (out of 46).
New Delhi: Ruby Press & Co., 2014.
The results gave the National League for Democracy an absolute majority of seats in both chambers of the national parliament, enough to ensure that its candidate would become president, while NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi is constitutionally barred from the presidency. The resounding victory of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy in 2015 general elections has raised hope for a successful political transition from a closely held military rule to a free democratic system.
This transition is widely believed to be determining the future of Myanmar. === After 2016 === According to the results announced by the Union Election Commission on 13 November 2015, the NLD won 238 seats in the lower house and 348 seats in the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, exceeding the required number to form a government.
This transition is widely believed to be determining the future of Myanmar. === After 2016 === According to the results announced by the Union Election Commission on 13 November 2015, the NLD won 238 seats in the lower house and 348 seats in the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, exceeding the required number to form a government.
According to the results, the NLD can now elect a president. ==Executive branch== |State Counsellor |Aung San Su Kyi |National League for Democracy | 5 February 2021 |- |President |Win Myint |National League for Democracy | 30 March 2018 |- |Vice-President |Myint Swe |Union Solidarity and Development Party | 30 March 2016 |- |} The president is the head of state and de jure head of government, and oversees the Cabinet of Myanmar.
According to the results, the NLD can now elect a president. ==Executive branch== |State Counsellor |Aung San Su Kyi |National League for Democracy | 5 February 2021 |- |President |Win Myint |National League for Democracy | 30 March 2018 |- |Vice-President |Myint Swe |Union Solidarity and Development Party | 30 March 2016 |- |} The president is the head of state and de jure head of government, and oversees the Cabinet of Myanmar.
Spokesman for the NLD, Myo Nyunt said "The military seems to take control of the capital now."[Citation needed] These conflicts arose after the NLD had claimed victory after a successful election in November 2020.
Myanmar (also known as Burma) operates de jure as a unitary assembly-independent republic under its 2008 constitution. On 1 February 2021, Myanmar's military took over the government in a coup.
Anti-coup protests are ongoing as of 24 February 2021. == Political conditions == The history of Myanmar, formerly called Burma, began with the Pagan Kingdom in 849.
This situation was followed by the military performing coup d'état on 1 February 2021, taking the presidential powers from the NLD government by brute force [Citation needed].
According to the results, the NLD can now elect a president. ==Executive branch== |State Counsellor |Aung San Su Kyi |National League for Democracy | 5 February 2021 |- |President |Win Myint |National League for Democracy | 30 March 2018 |- |Vice-President |Myint Swe |Union Solidarity and Development Party | 30 March 2016 |- |} The president is the head of state and de jure head of government, and oversees the Cabinet of Myanmar.
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