Formerly Northern Rhodesia, Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. Whilst Zambia functioned as a democracy from independence it soon became a one-party state for 19 years from 8 December 1972 until Multi-Party democracy was re-introduced on 4 December 1990 which led to Multi-Party elections on 1 November 1991.
This is also while Freedom House ranks Zambia as ‘Partly Free’ with a score of 52/100 (0- least free and 100 mostly free) as of 2021. == Government and constitution == The constitution promulgated on August 25, 1973, abrogated the original 1964 constitution.
Zambia is divided into ten provinces, each administered by an appointed Provincial minister who essentially performs the duties of a governor. As of 2010, a new constitution is in the process of being drafted. == Political history == The major figure in Zambian politics from 1964 to 1991 was Kenneth Kaunda, who led the fight for independence and successfully bridged the rivalries among the country's various regions and ethnic groups.
Formerly Northern Rhodesia, Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. Whilst Zambia functioned as a democracy from independence it soon became a one-party state for 19 years from 8 December 1972 until Multi-Party democracy was re-introduced on 4 December 1990 which led to Multi-Party elections on 1 November 1991.
This is also while Freedom House ranks Zambia as ‘Partly Free’ with a score of 52/100 (0- least free and 100 mostly free) as of 2021. == Government and constitution == The constitution promulgated on August 25, 1973, abrogated the original 1964 constitution.
The new constitution and the national elections that followed in December 1973 were the final steps in achieving what was called a "one-party participatory democracy". The 1973 constitution provided for a strong president and a unicameral National Assembly.
Formerly Northern Rhodesia, Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. Whilst Zambia functioned as a democracy from independence it soon became a one-party state for 19 years from 8 December 1972 until Multi-Party democracy was re-introduced on 4 December 1990 which led to Multi-Party elections on 1 November 1991.
The second-ranking person in the Zambian hierarchy was UNIP's secretary-general. In December 1990, at the end of a tumultuous year that included riots in the capital and an attempted coup, President Kaunda signed legislation ending UNIP's monopoly on power.
Formerly Northern Rhodesia, Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. Whilst Zambia functioned as a democracy from independence it soon became a one-party state for 19 years from 8 December 1972 until Multi-Party democracy was re-introduced on 4 December 1990 which led to Multi-Party elections on 1 November 1991.
Since then Zambia has been a relatively stable democracy having consistently peacefully transferred power between three political parties (UNIP, MMD and PF) and has since 1991 held 8 presidential elections of which 6 were general elections. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Zambia as a hybrid regime in 2020.
In response to growing popular demand for multiparty democracy, and after lengthy, difficult negotiations between the Kaunda government and opposition groups, Zambia enacted a new constitution in August 1991.
Zambia is divided into ten provinces, each administered by an appointed Provincial minister who essentially performs the duties of a governor. As of 2010, a new constitution is in the process of being drafted. == Political history == The major figure in Zambian politics from 1964 to 1991 was Kenneth Kaunda, who led the fight for independence and successfully bridged the rivalries among the country's various regions and ethnic groups.
The constitution was amended again in 1996 to set new limits on the presidency (including a retroactive two-term limit, and a requirement that both parents of a candidate be Zambian-born).
Zambia is divided into ten provinces, each administered by an appointed Provincial minister who essentially performs the duties of a governor. As of 2010, a new constitution is in the process of being drafted. == Political history == The major figure in Zambian politics from 1964 to 1991 was Kenneth Kaunda, who led the fight for independence and successfully bridged the rivalries among the country's various regions and ethnic groups.
The EIU has also consistently put Zambia among the top ten most democratic African countries, ranking it 8th in Africa and 99 in the world as of 2018 (167 states).
Since then Zambia has been a relatively stable democracy having consistently peacefully transferred power between three political parties (UNIP, MMD and PF) and has since 1991 held 8 presidential elections of which 6 were general elections. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Zambia as a hybrid regime in 2020.
This is also while Freedom House ranks Zambia as ‘Partly Free’ with a score of 52/100 (0- least free and 100 mostly free) as of 2021. == Government and constitution == The constitution promulgated on August 25, 1973, abrogated the original 1964 constitution.
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