The second was the composition of his treatise on the process of the beatification and canonization of saints. In 1712, Lambertini was named Canon Theologus of the Chapter of the Vatican Basilica and member of the Sacred Congregation of Rites; in 1713 he was named monsignor; and in 1718 secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council. On 12 June 1724, only two weeks after his election, Pope Benedict XIII appointed Lambertini titular bishop of Theodosia.
Lambertini was consecrated a bishop in Rome, in the Pauline Chapel of the Vatican Palace, on 16 July 1724, by Pope Benedict XIII.
In 1725, he served as the Canonist at the Roman Synod of Pope Benedict XIII. In 1718, the Istituto delle scienze ed Arti Liberali in Bologna had begun construction of a chapel for everyday convenience dedicated to the Annunication of the Virgin Mary.
In 1725, Bishop Prospero Lambertini of Theodosia, who was working in the Roman Curia but was mindful of his origins, ordered the chapel to be painted.
Once he became pope, Lambertini remembered his former diocese, sending an annual gift to the Church of Ancona, of sacred vessels of gold or silver, altar appointments, vestments, and other items. ====Cardinal==== Bishop Lambertini was created a Cardinal on 9 December 1726, though the public announcement of his promotion was postponed until 30 April 1728.
Lambertini also ordered and paid for the painting above the main altar, an image of the Virgin being greeted by the angel, the work of Marcantonio Franceschini. He was made Bishop of Ancona on 27 January 1727, and was permitted to retain the title of Archbishop, as well as all the offices which he had already been granted.
Once he became pope, Lambertini remembered his former diocese, sending an annual gift to the Church of Ancona, of sacred vessels of gold or silver, altar appointments, vestments, and other items. ====Cardinal==== Bishop Lambertini was created a Cardinal on 9 December 1726, though the public announcement of his promotion was postponed until 30 April 1728.
He was assigned the titular church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme on 10 May 1728.
He participated in the 1730 conclave. On 30 April 1731, Cardinal Lambertini was appointed Archbishop of Bologna by Pope Clement XII.
In 1731, the new bishop had the main altar and the choir of the cathedral restored and renovated.
He participated in the 1730 conclave. On 30 April 1731, Cardinal Lambertini was appointed Archbishop of Bologna by Pope Clement XII.
"Lambertini a Bologna, 1731-1740", in: Rivista di storia della Chiesa in Italia, Vol.
He was in fact preparing the ground for the holding of a synod of his own for the diocese of Bologna, an expectation he first announced in a Notificazione of 14 October 1732.
Pope Benedict XIV (Benedictus XIV; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 17 August 1740 to his death in 1758. Perhaps one of the best scholars to sit on the papal throne, yet often overlooked, he promoted scientific learning, the baroque arts, reinvigoration of Thomism, and the study of the human form.
He continued in the office of Archbishop of Bologna even after he became Pope, not finally resigning until 14 January 1754. ==Election to the papacy== After the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, Cardinal Lambertini attended the papal conclave to choose a successor.
His death on 29 February 1740 eliminated him from consideration. Cardinal Domenico Riviera of Urbino received a respectable number of votes for a while, and then, in July, Cardinal Pompeio Aldrovandi of Bologna.
On the evening of 17 August 1740, on the 255th ballot, he was elected pope and took the throne name of Benedict XIV in honour of Pope Benedict XIII.
He was crowned on 21 August 1740.
By 30 August 1740 the famous ephemeral baroque structures of the Festival of the Chinea and the triumphal arch of Benedict XIV were erected by Charles III of Spain, who was then King of Naples and a papal vassal. ==Pontificate== Benedict XIV's papacy began in a time of great difficulties, fueled by anticlericalism and chiefly caused by the disputes between Catholic rulers and the papacy about governmental demands to nominate bishops rather than leaving the appointment to the Church.
The chapel, which had been commissioned by King John V of Portugal in 1740, was designed by Nicola Salvi and Luigi Vanvitelli.
He managed to overcome most of these problems — the Holy See's disputes with the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, Spain, Venice, and Austria were settled. ===Pastoralis Romani Pontificis=== The apostolic constitution Pastoralis Romani Pontificis, which was Benedict's revision of the traditional Coena Domini anathematization, was promulgated on 30 March 1741.
In 1741, on the advice of Cardinal Aldovrandini (who had nearly been elected pope instead of Benedict), he instituted a new tax, a duty on stamped paper on legal documents; it did not produce the revenue expected, and it was abolished in 1743.
He had a clear view of ecclesiastical problems, had respect for differing opinions and an ability to distinguish between dogma and theory. ===Other activities=== On 22 December 1741, Benedict XIV issued the Bull Immensa Pastorum Principis and sent an Apostolic Brief to the Bishops of Brazil and King John of Portugal, against the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and other countries.
In 1741 the collection of manuscripts relating to Chinese religion and history were left to the Vatican Library by bequest of Msgr.
Perhaps the most important act of Benedict XIV's pontificate was the promulgation of his famous laws about missions in the two bulls, Ex quo singulari (11 July 1742), and Omnium sollicitudinum (12 September 1744).
He was invited to spread Catholic Christianity by Maharaja Dhurup Singh of the Bettiah Raj, an appointment that was blessed by Pope Benedict XIV on 1 May 1742 in a personal letter to the king. ====Consistories==== Benedict XIV created 64 cardinals in seven consistories; among the new cardinals he elevated into the cardinalate was the Henry Benedict Stuart (1747).
In 1741, on the advice of Cardinal Aldovrandini (who had nearly been elected pope instead of Benedict), he instituted a new tax, a duty on stamped paper on legal documents; it did not produce the revenue expected, and it was abolished in 1743.
In 1744 he raised taxes on land, house rents, feudal grants to barons, and pensions derived from prebends. Despite these fiscal problems, the Papacy was able to buy two frigates in England, and in April 1745 Benedict personally christened a galley, named the Benedetta, which he had ordered constructed.
Perhaps the most important act of Benedict XIV's pontificate was the promulgation of his famous laws about missions in the two bulls, Ex quo singulari (11 July 1742), and Omnium sollicitudinum (12 September 1744).
On 15 December 1744, Benedict XIV blessed the baroque chapel (Chapel of St.
In 1744 he raised taxes on land, house rents, feudal grants to barons, and pensions derived from prebends. Despite these fiscal problems, the Papacy was able to buy two frigates in England, and in April 1745 Benedict personally christened a galley, named the Benedetta, which he had ordered constructed.
When the first edition of the De Synodo was published in 1748, however, the synod still had not taken place.
During the month of April 1750, 43,000 meals were served to the poor at the Trinita Hospital.
He also ordered the modernization of the harbor of Anzio, but the work was so expensive that it had to be abandoned in 1752. He encouraged agriculture and free trade and drastically cut the military budget, but was unable to completely reform the administration, still corrupt from previous papacies.
He continued in the office of Archbishop of Bologna even after he became Pope, not finally resigning until 14 January 1754. ==Election to the papacy== After the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, Cardinal Lambertini attended the papal conclave to choose a successor.
Decreto veneto 7 settembre 1754.
"The Refusal of Sacramental Controversy and the Political Crisis of 1756-57," in: R.
Pope Benedict XIV (Benedictus XIV; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 17 August 1740 to his death in 1758. Perhaps one of the best scholars to sit on the papal throne, yet often overlooked, he promoted scientific learning, the baroque arts, reinvigoration of Thomism, and the study of the human form.
His health worsened in 1758 and, after a battle with gout, he died on 3 May 1758 at the age of 83.
The bull was smiled at even by Pope Benedict XIV who once said, "I like to leave the Vatican lightnings asleep." Its application to the Duchy of Parma by Pope Clement XIII in 1768 had major consequences, including the beginning of expulsions of Jesuits from European states. ===Finances=== At the beginning of his reign, the papal government was heavily in debt, to the amount of 56,000,000 scudi, and was running an annual deficit of more than 200,000 scudi.
Milano: Vita e Pensiero: 1931.
Philosopher King: The Humanist Pope Benedict XIV London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1970. Levillain, Philippe (General editor).
(Lawrence, Kansas USA 1982), pp.
"Les premières censures romaines de Voltaire," in: Revue d'histoire littéraire de France (Paris 1998), pp.
New York: Routledge 2002. Macé, L.
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