Pope Paul VI (Paulus VI; Paolo VI; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, ; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978.
Pope Francis canonised Paul VI on 14 October 2018. ==Early life== Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the Province of Brescia, Lombardy, Italy, in 1897.
On 30 September 1897, he was baptised with the name Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini.
He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul, and promised the participation and co-operation in the festivities. Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and co-operation with Protestants on so many levels.
He attended the Cesare Arici school, run by the Jesuits, and in 1916 received a diploma from the Arnaldo da Brescia public school in Brescia.
His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness. In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Catholic priest.
He was ordained on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Mass at the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Brescia.
Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Holy See's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954.
In 1922, at the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman.
Several meetings were held on specific issues during his pontificate, such as the Synod of Bishops on evangelisation in the modern world, which started 9 September 1974. ====Curia reform==== Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954.
In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian-inspired culture'. ==Vatican career== ===Diplomatic service=== Montini had just one foreign posting in the diplomatic service of the Holy See as Secretary in the office of the papal nuncio to Poland in 1923.
In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian-inspired culture'. ==Vatican career== ===Diplomatic service=== Montini had just one foreign posting in the diplomatic service of the Holy See as Secretary in the office of the papal nuncio to Poland in 1923.
In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Pontifical Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State.
In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Pontifical Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State.
Pacelli became Pope Pius XII in 1939 and confirmed Montini's appointment as Substitute under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione.
Montini's task was to formulate the replies in the name of Pius XII, expressing his empathy, and understanding and providing help, where possible. At the request of the pope, Montini created an information office regarding prisoners of war and refugees, which from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million requests for information about missing persons and produced over eleven million replies.
When Maglione died in 1944, Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as joint heads of Secretariat of State, each with the title of Pro-Secretary of State.
In Rome alone this organisation distributed almost two million portions of free food in the year 1944.
Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977 that was the pope's last. With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalisation policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII.
Montini's task was to formulate the replies in the name of Pius XII, expressing his empathy, and understanding and providing help, where possible. At the request of the pope, Montini created an information office regarding prisoners of war and refugees, which from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million requests for information about missing persons and produced over eleven million replies.
He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951.
In 1951 and 1955, he revised the Easter liturgies, most notably that of the Easter Triduum.
He gave a friendly welcome to a group of Anglican clergy visiting Milan in 1957 and a subsequently exchanged letters with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher. Pope Pius XII revealed at the 1952 secret consistory that both Montini and Tardini had declined appointments to the cardinalate and in fact Montini was never to be made a cardinal by Pius XII, who held no consistory and created no cardinals from the time he appointed Montini to Milan and his own death four years later.
Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Holy See's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954.
In 1954, Pius named Montini Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese.
In that role, roughly that of a chief of staff, he met the pope every morning until 1954 and developed a rather close relationship with him.
As pope in 1971, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza into Caritas Italiana. ==Archbishop of Milan== After the death of the Benedictine Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, in 1954, Montini was appointed to succeed him as Archbishop of Milan, which made him the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference.
Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954.
Several meetings were held on specific issues during his pontificate, such as the Synod of Bishops on evangelisation in the modern world, which started 9 September 1974. ====Curia reform==== Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954.
On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan.
In 1951 and 1955, he revised the Easter liturgies, most notably that of the Easter Triduum.
He gave a friendly welcome to a group of Anglican clergy visiting Milan in 1957 and a subsequently exchanged letters with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher. Pope Pius XII revealed at the 1952 secret consistory that both Montini and Tardini had declined appointments to the cardinalate and in fact Montini was never to be made a cardinal by Pius XII, who held no consistory and created no cardinals from the time he appointed Montini to Milan and his own death four years later.
For example, huge posters announced throughout the city that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957.
"If only we can say Our Father and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith." Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate.
The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love.
John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.
After Angelo Roncalli became Pope John XXIII, he made Montini a cardinal in December 1958. Montini and Angelo Roncalli were considered to be friends, but when Roncalli, as Pope John XXIII announced a new Ecumenical Council, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to Giulio Bevilacqua: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up." He was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961.
We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world." ===Cardinal=== On 20 June 1958, Saul Alinsky recalled meeting with Montini: "I had three wonderful meetings with Montini and I am sure that you have heard from him since".
Alinsky also wrote as follows to George Shuster, two days before the papal conclave that elected John XXIII: "No, I don’t know who the next Pope will be, but if it’s to be Montini, the drinks will be on me for years to come." Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and although he may consequently have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.
Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and took the name John XXIII.
On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals.
When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss.
His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s." When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, this triggered a conclave to elect a new pope. Montini was elected pope on the sixth ballot of the papal conclave on 21 June and he took the name of "Paul VI".
After Angelo Roncalli became Pope John XXIII, he made Montini a cardinal in December 1958. Montini and Angelo Roncalli were considered to be friends, but when Roncalli, as Pope John XXIII announced a new Ecumenical Council, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to Giulio Bevilacqua: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up." He was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961.
Questions were raised about the need to replace the 1962 Roman Missal, which, though decreed on 23 June 1962 became available only in 1963, a few months before the Second Vatican Council's Sacrosanctum Concilium decree ordered that it be altered; but attachment to it led to open ruptures, of which the most widely known is that of Marcel Lefebvre.
Pope Paul VI (Paulus VI; Paolo VI; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, ; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978.
His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s." When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, this triggered a conclave to elect a new pope. Montini was elected pope on the sixth ballot of the papal conclave on 21 June and he took the name of "Paul VI".
He was the last pope to date to be crowned on 30 June 1963; his successor Pope John Paul I substituted an inauguration for the papal coronation (which Paul had substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo).
At the end of the second session of the Second Vatican Council in 1963, Paul VI descended the steps of the papal throne in St.
Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963.
The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities. ====The Council priorities of Paul VI==== The pope re-opened the Ecumenical Council on 29 September 1963 giving it four key priorities: A better understanding of the Catholic Church Church reforms Advancing the unity of Christianity Dialogue with the world He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ.
Questions were raised about the need to replace the 1962 Roman Missal, which, though decreed on 23 June 1962 became available only in 1963, a few months before the Second Vatican Council's Sacrosanctum Concilium decree ordered that it be altered; but attachment to it led to open ruptures, of which the most widely known is that of Marcel Lefebvre.
He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys. ====Third and fourth sessions==== Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the church as the most important document to come out from the council.
The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church. Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia, revision of Canon Law, regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths, and birth control issues.
In addition to his revision of the Roman Missal, Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church. These reforms were not universally welcomed.
Those who do not have it, but search for it with their whole heart, have already found it." ====Dialogues==== In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and a year later a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers.
He visited the Holy Land in 1964 and participated in Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogotá, Colombia.
Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, 6 August 1964, the second year of his Pontificate.
He repeats his demands expressed in Bombay in 1964 for a large-scale World Development Organization, as a matter of international justice and peace.
These words meant to Paul VI love without limits, and they underscore the church's fundamental approach to ecumenism. ====Orthodox==== Paul VI visited the Orthodox Patriarchs of Jerusalem and Constantinople in 1964 and 1967.
Notably, his meeting with Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I in 1964 in Jerusalem led to rescinding the excommunications of the Great Schism, which took place in 1054. This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople.
He sent his blessing in an ecumenical manner: "May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity." The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican. The Lutherans were the first Protestant church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjavík, Iceland.
Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Holy See's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954.
'I was solitary before, but now my solitude becomes complete and awesome.'" Less than two years later, on 2 May 1965, Paul addressed a letter to the dean of the College of Cardinals anticipating that his health might make it impossible to function as pope.
He also abolished the Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard, leaving the Pontifical Swiss Guard as the sole military order of the Vatican. ===Completion of the Vatican Council=== Paul VI decided to continue Vatican II (canon law dictates that a council is suspended at the death of a pope), and brought it to completion in 1965.
Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff to visit the Western hemisphere when he addressed the United Nations in New York City in October 1965.
Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the church and between the churches and with atheism. =====Mense maio===== The encyclical Mense maio (from 29 April 1965) focused on the Virgin Mary, to whom traditionally the month of May is dedicated as the Mother of God.
Therefore, the person who encounters Mary cannot help but encounter Christ. =====Mysterium fidei===== On 3 September 1965, Paul VI issued Mysterium fidei, on the mystery of the faith.
It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965, which was read out on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul.
This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes. ====Protestants==== In 1965, Paul VI decided on the creation of a joint working group with the World Council of Churches to map all possible avenues of dialogue and co-operation.
The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes, friendship and co-operation of the past five years.
He canonised saints such as Nikola Tavelić (1970) and the Ugandan Martyrs (1964). ===Consistories=== Pope Paul VI held six consistories between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the cardinalate in his fifteen years as pope: 22 February 1965, 27 cardinals 26 June 1967, 27 cardinals 28 April 1969, 34 cardinals 5 March 1973, 30 cardinals 24 May 1976, 20 cardinals 27 June 1977, 4 cardinals The next three popes were created cardinals by him.
While 65% of US Catholics went to Sunday Mass in 1965 that had slipped to 40% by the time of Paul's death.
On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions. ====Age limits and restrictions==== On 6 August 1966, Paul VI asked all bishops to submit their resignations to the pontiff by their 75th birthday.
Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the Iron Curtain, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican.
In 1966, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the introduction of Christianity in Poland.
In addition to his revision of the Roman Missal, Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church. These reforms were not universally welcomed.
Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the Iron Curtain, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican.
In 1967, he visited the shrine of Our Lady of Fátima in Portugal on the fiftieth anniversary of the apparitions there.
The church, according to Paul VI, has no reason to give up the deposit of faith in such a vital matter. =====Christi Matri===== =====Populorum progressio===== Populorum progressio, released on 26 March 1967, dealt with the topic of "the development of peoples" and that the economy of the world should serve mankind and not just the few.
He rejected notions to instigate revolution and force in changing economic conditions. =====Sacerdotalis caelibatus===== Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West.
The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Catholic priests.
In 1967, when he reorganised the Roman curia, Pope Paul renamed the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith as the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.
These words meant to Paul VI love without limits, and they underscore the church's fundamental approach to ecumenism. ====Orthodox==== Paul VI visited the Orthodox Patriarchs of Jerusalem and Constantinople in 1964 and 1967.
He canonised saints such as Nikola Tavelić (1970) and the Ugandan Martyrs (1964). ===Consistories=== Pope Paul VI held six consistories between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the cardinalate in his fifteen years as pope: 22 February 1965, 27 cardinals 26 June 1967, 27 cardinals 28 April 1969, 34 cardinals 5 March 1973, 30 cardinals 24 May 1976, 20 cardinals 27 June 1977, 4 cardinals The next three popes were created cardinals by him.
Karol Józef Wojtyła (later Pope John Paul II) was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967.
The pope procrastinated in this but relented in November 1967; he was operated on on a simple table in an improvised operating theatre in the papal apartments by a team led by Professor Pietro Valdoni.
His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world.
His positions on birth control, promulgated famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, were often contested, especially in Western Europe and North America.
The purchasers arranged for it to be displayed as a gift to American Catholics in the crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. In 1968, with the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus, he discontinued most of the ceremonial functions of the old Roman nobility at the court (reorganized as the household), save for the Prince Assistants to the Papal Throne.
On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII.
In addition to his revision of the Roman Missal, Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church. These reforms were not universally welcomed.
John Paul II changed this policy in 1980 and the 1983 Code of Canon Law made it explicit that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicisation. =====Humanae vitae===== Of his seven encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968.
As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in La Paz, Bolivia called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation.
On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in Uppsala, Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times.
There was a 1322% increase in declarations of nullity between 1968 and 1970 alone.
Within four years of the close of the council, Paul VI promulgated in 1969 the first postconciliar edition, which included three new Eucharistic Prayers in addition to the Roman Canon, until then the only anaphora in the Roman Rite.
In addition to his revision of the Roman Missal, Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church. These reforms were not universally welcomed.
He undertook a pastoral visit to Uganda in 1969, the first by a reigning pope to Africa.
He canonised saints such as Nikola Tavelić (1970) and the Ugandan Martyrs (1964). ===Consistories=== Pope Paul VI held six consistories between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the cardinalate in his fifteen years as pope: 22 February 1965, 27 cardinals 26 June 1967, 27 cardinals 28 April 1969, 34 cardinals 5 March 1973, 30 cardinals 24 May 1976, 20 cardinals 27 June 1977, 4 cardinals The next three popes were created cardinals by him.
He extended this requirement to all cardinals in Ingravescentem aetatem on 21 November 1970, with the further provision that cardinals would relinquish their offices in the Roman Curia upon reaching their 80th birthday.
His 1970 measures also revolutionised papal elections by restricting the right to vote in papal conclaves to cardinals who had not yet reached their 80th birthday, a class known since then as "cardinal electors".
In addition to his revision of the Roman Missal, Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church. These reforms were not universally welcomed.
On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines.
involvement in the Vietnam War was escalating, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN: ===Attempted assassination of Paul VI=== Shortly after arriving at the airport in Manila, Philippines on 27 November 1970, the Pope, closely followed by President Ferdinand Marcos and personal aide Pasquale Macchi, who was private secretary to Pope Paul VI, were encountered suddenly by a crew-cut, cassock-clad man who tried to attack the Pope with a knife.
There was a 1322% increase in declarations of nullity between 1968 and 1970 alone.
As pope in 1971, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza into Caritas Italiana. ==Archbishop of Milan== After the death of the Benedictine Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, in 1954, Montini was appointed to succeed him as Archbishop of Milan, which made him the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference.
In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance.
In May 1973, the Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III of Alexandria visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI.
He canonised saints such as Nikola Tavelić (1970) and the Ugandan Martyrs (1964). ===Consistories=== Pope Paul VI held six consistories between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the cardinalate in his fifteen years as pope: 22 February 1965, 27 cardinals 26 June 1967, 27 cardinals 28 April 1969, 34 cardinals 5 March 1973, 30 cardinals 24 May 1976, 20 cardinals 27 June 1977, 4 cardinals The next three popes were created cardinals by him.
His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name John Paul I, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973.
Several meetings were held on specific issues during his pontificate, such as the Synod of Bishops on evangelisation in the modern world, which started 9 September 1974. ====Curia reform==== Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954.
The Pope chose the theme of evangelism for the synod of bishops in 1974.
He was the last pope to date to be crowned on 30 June 1963; his successor Pope John Paul I substituted an inauguration for the papal coronation (which Paul had substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo).
From materials generated by that synod, he composed the 1975 apostolic exhortation on evangelisation, Evangelii nuntiandi. ===Ecumenism and ecumenical relations=== After the council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue.
On 29 December 1975, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a document entitled Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, that reaffirmed church teaching that pre- or extramarital sex, homosexual activity, and masturbation are sinful acts.
He canonised saints such as Nikola Tavelić (1970) and the Ugandan Martyrs (1964). ===Consistories=== Pope Paul VI held six consistories between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the cardinalate in his fifteen years as pope: 22 February 1965, 27 cardinals 26 June 1967, 27 cardinals 28 April 1969, 34 cardinals 5 March 1973, 30 cardinals 24 May 1976, 20 cardinals 27 June 1977, 4 cardinals The next three popes were created cardinals by him.
In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives.
The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues was nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe. ==Final years and death== ===Rumours of homosexuality and denial=== In 1976 Paul VI became the first pontiff in the modern era to deny the accusation of homosexuality.
He canonised saints such as Nikola Tavelić (1970) and the Ugandan Martyrs (1964). ===Consistories=== Pope Paul VI held six consistories between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the cardinalate in his fifteen years as pope: 22 February 1965, 27 cardinals 26 June 1967, 27 cardinals 28 April 1969, 34 cardinals 5 March 1973, 30 cardinals 24 May 1976, 20 cardinals 27 June 1977, 4 cardinals The next three popes were created cardinals by him.
Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977 that was the pope's last. With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalisation policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII.
Pope Paul VI (Paulus VI; Paolo VI; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, ; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978.
The doctors also reported the pope's condition to have been "excellent". ===Kidnapping and death of Aldo Moro=== On 16 March 1978, former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro—a friend of Paul VI's from his FUCI student days—was kidnapped by a far-left Italian terrorist group known as the Red Brigades.
Pope Paul VI later celebrated his State Funeral Mass. ===Final days=== Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier.
On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo.
Pope Paul, reflecting on Hamlet, wrote the following in a private note in 1978: His confessor, the Jesuit Paolo Dezza, said that "this pope is a man of great joy" and If Paul VI was not a saint, when he was elected Pope, he became one during his pontificate.
John Paul II changed this policy in 1980 and the 1983 Code of Canon Law made it explicit that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicisation. =====Humanae vitae===== Of his seven encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968.
Infant baptisms began to decline almost at once after Paul's election and did not begin to recover until 1980.
This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982.
John Paul II changed this policy in 1980 and the 1983 Code of Canon Law made it explicit that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicisation. =====Humanae vitae===== Of his seven encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968.
This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982.
I always admired not only his deep inner resignation but also his constant abandonment to divine providence." ==Canonization== The diocesan process for beatification for Paul VI—titled then as a Servant of God—opened in Rome on 11 May 1993 under Pope John Paul II after the "nihil obstat" ("nothing against") was declared the previous 18 March.
In 1994, Franco Bellegrandi, a former Vatican honour chamberlain and correspondent for the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, alleged that Paul VI had been blackmailed and had promoted other gay men to positions of power within the Vatican.
This miracle was investigated in California from 7 July 2003 until 12 July 2004.
This miracle was investigated in California from 7 July 2003 until 12 July 2004.
In 2006, the newspaper L'Espresso confirmed the blackmail story based on the private papers of police commander General Giorgio Manes.
The same opposition emerged in reaction to the political aspects of some of his teaching. Following the standard procedures that lead to sainthood, Pope Benedict XVI declared that the late pontiff had lived a life of [virtue] and conferred the title of Venerable upon him on 20 December 2012.
Pope Francis beatified him on 19 October 2014 after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession.
In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognised the miracle attributed to the late pontiff on 18 February.
On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine Credere that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014.
The matter would then be presented by the Cardinal Prefect to the pope for approval. The second miracle required for his canonisation was reported to have occurred in 2014 not long after his beatification occurred.
This too was proven false since the miracle from 2014 was being presented to the competent Vatican officials for assessment.
The miracle in question involves the healing of an unborn girl, Amanda Maria Paola (born 25 December 2014), after her parents (Vanna and Alberto) went to the Santuario delle Grazie in Brescia to pray for the late pope's intercession the previous 29 October, just ten days after Paul VI was beatified.
The vice-postulator Antonio Lanzoni suggested that the canonisation could have been approved in the near future which would allow for the canonisation sometime in spring 2016; this did not materialise because the investigations were still ongoing at that stage.
It was further reported in January 2017 that Pope Francis was considering canonising Paul VI either in that year, or in 2018 (marking 40 years since the late pope's death), without the second miracle required for sainthood.
His liturgical feast day is celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, rather than the day of his death as is usual since the latter falls on the Feast of the Transfiguration. The final miracle needed for the late pope's canonisation was investigated in Verona and was closed on 11 March 2017.
Theologians advising the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voiced their approval to this miracle on 13 December 2017 (following the confirmation of doctors on 26 October) and have this direction on to the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S.
Pope Francis canonised Paul VI on 14 October 2018. ==Early life== Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the Province of Brescia, Lombardy, Italy, in 1897.
It was further reported in January 2017 that Pope Francis was considering canonising Paul VI either in that year, or in 2018 (marking 40 years since the late pope's death), without the second miracle required for sainthood.
Brescian media reports the canonisation could take place in October 2018 to coincide with the synod on the youth.
issued their unanimous approval to this miracle in their meeting held on 6 February 2018; La Stampa reported that the canonisation could be celebrated during the synod on the youth with a probable date of 21 October.
Pope Francis confirmed that the canonisation would be approved and celebrated in 2018 in remarks made during a meeting with Roman priests on 14 February 2018.
On 6 March 2018, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin, speaking at a plenary meeting of the International Catholic Migration Commission in Rome, confirmed that Paul VI would be canonised in at the close of the synod on 28 October 2018.
His liturgical feast was celebrated on the date of his birth on 26 September until 2019 when it was changed to the date of his sacerdotal ordination on 29 May.
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