Its activity was aimed at "propagating" the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries. From the 1790s, the term began being used also to refer to propaganda in secular activities.
Publicity and Diplomacy: With Special Reference to England and Germany, 1890–1914 (1940) online Jowett, Garth S.
In the years following the October Revolution of 1917, the Soviet government sponsored the Russian film industry with the purpose of making propaganda films (e.g., the 1925 film The Battleship Potemkin glorifies Communist ideals).
Adolf Hitler came to echo this view, believing that it had been a primary cause of the collapse of morale and revolts in the German home front and Navy in 1918 (see also: Dolchstoßlegende).
From the 1920s on, the Nazi Party targeted German youth as one of their special audience for its propaganda messages.
In the years following the October Revolution of 1917, the Soviet government sponsored the Russian film industry with the purpose of making propaganda films (e.g., the 1925 film The Battleship Potemkin glorifies Communist ideals).
According to Harold Lasswell, the term began to fall out of favor due to growing public suspicion of propaganda in the wake of its use during World War I by the Creel Committee in the United States and the Ministry of Information in Britain: Writing in 1928, Lasswell observed, "In democratic countries the official propaganda bureau was looked upon with genuine alarm, for fear that it might be suborned to party and personal ends.
This theory signifies the similarity and optimization of propaganda using persuasive soft power techniques in the development and cultivation of propagandist materials. In a 1929 literary debate with Edward Bernays, Everett Dean Martin argues that, "Propaganda is making puppets of us.
The 1930s and 1940s, which saw the rise of totalitarian states and the Second World War, are arguably the "Golden Age of Propaganda".
That would not do for a national hero so starting in the 1930s all new visual portraits of Stalin were retouched to erase his and make him a more generalized Soviet hero.
The use of propaganda in schools was highly prevalent during the 1930s and 1940s in Germany in the form of the Hitler Youth. ===Anti-Semitic propaganda for children=== In Nazi Germany, the education system was thoroughly co-opted to indoctrinate the German youth with anti-Semitic ideology.
Picture books for children such as Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath, Der Giftpilz (translated into English as The Poisonous Mushroom) and The Poodle-Pug-Dachshund-Pincher were widely circulated (over 100,000 copies of Trust No Fox... were circulated during the late 1930s) and contained depictions of Jews as devils, child molesters and other morally charged figures.
In Mein Kampf (1925) Hitler expounded his theory of propaganda, which provided a powerful base for his rise to power in 1933.
This was accomplished through the National Socialist Teachers League, of which 97% of all German teachers were members in 1937. The League encouraged the teaching of racial theory.
The 1930s and 1940s, which saw the rise of totalitarian states and the Second World War, are arguably the "Golden Age of Propaganda".
Some American war films in the early 1940s were designed to create a patriotic mindset and convince viewers that sacrifices needed to be made to defeat the Axis Powers.
The use of propaganda in schools was highly prevalent during the 1930s and 1940s in Germany in the form of the Hitler Youth. ===Anti-Semitic propaganda for children=== In Nazi Germany, the education system was thoroughly co-opted to indoctrinate the German youth with anti-Semitic ideology.
In 1942, the propaganda song Niet Molotoff was made in Finland during the Continuation War, making fun of the Red Army's failure in the Winter War, referring the song's name to the Soviet's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vyacheslav Molotov.
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (section 1078 (a)) amended the US Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 (popularly referred to as the Smith-Mundt Act) and the Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 1987, allowing for materials produced by the State Department and the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) to be released within U.S.
Propaganda has become an epithet of contempt and hate, and the propagandists have sought protective coloration in such names as 'public relations council,' 'specialist in public education,' 'public relations adviser.' " In 1949, political science professor Dayton David McKean wrote, "After World War I the word came to be applied to 'what you don’t like of the other fellow’s publicity,' as Edward L.
Ross in the 1960s indicated that, to a degree, socialization, formal education and standardized television programming can be seen as using propaganda for the purpose of indoctrination.
Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1963. Chomsky, Noam & Herman Edward S.
2016 Dimitri Kitsikis, Propagande et pressions en politique internationale, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1963, 537 pages. Ellul, Jacques, Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes.
Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1980. Bernays, Edward.
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (section 1078 (a)) amended the US Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 (popularly referred to as the Smith-Mundt Act) and the Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 1987, allowing for materials produced by the State Department and the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) to be released within U.S.
Freeman and Company, 1992. Rutherford, Paul, Endless Propaganda: The Advertising of Public Goods.
Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995. ===Essays and articles=== Brown, John H..
London: Scarecrow, 1996. Cole, Robert, ed.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996. Oddo, J.
Seven Stories Press, 1997. Cole, Robert.
Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1997. Marlin, Randal.
Sharpe, 1998. Combs James E.
Hampton Press, 2001. Shaw Jeffrey M., Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition.
Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. Cunningham Stanley B.
Orchard Park, New York: Broadview Press, 2002. McCombs, M.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. Shanahan, James, ed.
3 (2019), pp. 383–404. Kosar, Kevin R., Public Relations and Propaganda: Restrictions on Executive Branch Activities, CRS Report RL32750, February 2005. Barriers to critical thinking Deception Political communication Psychological manipulation Public opinion
For example, after their victory in the 2006 Lebanon War, Hizbullah campaigned for broader popularity among Arabs by organizing mass rallies where Hizbullah leader Hasan Nasrallah combined elements of the local dialect with classical Arabic to reach audiences outside Lebanon.
Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2010, pp. 83–96. DelHagen, Jacob M.
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (section 1078 (a)) amended the US Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 (popularly referred to as the Smith-Mundt Act) and the Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 1987, allowing for materials produced by the State Department and the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) to be released within U.S.
California: Sage Publications, 2014.
During the 2016 U.S.
Brussels: Latomus, 2016. Brown, J.A.C.
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