In most cases there is no evidence that each of the inventors was aware of the earlier work. ===Precursors=== Basile Bouchon developed the control of a loom by punched holes in paper tape in 1725.
By 1887 Carpentier had separated the mechanism into the Melograph which recorded the player's key presses and the Melotrope which played the music. ===The Hollerith card=== At the end of the 1800s Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a medium that could then be read by a machine, developing punched card data processing technology for the 1890 U.S.
Although these improvements controlled the patterns woven, they still required an assistant to operate the mechanism. In 1804 Joseph Marie Jacquard demonstrated a mechanism to automate loom operation.
Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832. Charles Babbage proposed the use of "Number Cards", "pierced with certain holes and stand[ing] opposite levers connected with a set of figure wheels ...
These are the dimensions of the then current paper currency of 1862–1923. Hollerith's original system used an ad hoc coding system for each application, with groups of holes assigned specific meanings, e.g.
There is no evidence that he built a practical example. In 1881 Jules Carpentier developed a method of recording and playing back performances on a harmonium using punched cards.
By 1887 Carpentier had separated the mechanism into the Melograph which recorded the player's key presses and the Melotrope which played the music. ===The Hollerith card=== At the end of the 1800s Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a medium that could then be read by a machine, developing punched card data processing technology for the 1890 U.S.
company that converts punched cards to conventional media Computer-related introductions in 1887 History of computing hardware History of software IBM storage devices Wikipedia articles with ASCII art Articles containing video clips
Other cards typically had one upper corner diagonal cut so that cards not oriented correctly, or cards with different corner cuts, could be identified. === Hollerith's early cards === Herman Hollerith was awarded three patents in 1889 for electromechanical tabulating machines.
By 1887 Carpentier had separated the mechanism into the Melograph which recorded the player's key presses and the Melotrope which played the music. ===The Hollerith card=== At the end of the 1800s Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a medium that could then be read by a machine, developing punched card data processing technology for the 1890 U.S.
Cards that are not master cards are detail cards. == Formats == The Hollerith punched cards used for the 1890 U.S.
In an article he wrote describing his proposed system for tabulating the 1890 U.S.
census, Hollerith suggested a card 3 inches by 5½ inches of Manila stock "would be sufficient to answer all ordinary purposes." The cards used in the 1890 census had round holes, 12 rows and 24 columns.
These companies, and others, manufactured and marketed a variety of punched cards and unit record machines for creating, sorting, and tabulating punched cards, even after the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Both IBM and Remington Rand tied punched card purchases to machine leases, a violation of the 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act.
Hollerith's 45 column punched cards are illustrated in Comrie's The application of the Hollerith Tabulating Machine to Brown's Tables of the Moon. === IBM 80-column format and character codes === By the late 1920s, customers wanted to store more data on each punched card.
Carroll developed a series of rotary presses that were used to produce punched cards, including a 1921 model that operated at 460 cards per minute (cpm).
Watson picked the latter solution, introduced as The IBM Card, in part because it was compatible with existing tabulator designs and in part because it could be protected by patents and give the company a distinctive advantage. This IBM card format, introduced in 1928, has rectangular holes, 80 columns, and 12 rows.
In 1930, Remington Rand leap-frogged IBM's 80 column format from 1928 by coding two characters in each of the 45 columns – producing what is now commonly called the 90-column card.
In 1930, Remington Rand leap-frogged IBM's 80 column format from 1928 by coding two characters in each of the 45 columns – producing what is now commonly called the 90-column card.
In 1932, the US government took both to court on this issue.
IBM fought all the way to the Supreme Court and lost in 1936; the court ruled that IBM could only set card specifications. "By 1937...
In 1936 he introduced a completely different press that operated at 850 cpm.
IBM fought all the way to the Supreme Court and lost in 1936; the court ruled that IBM could only set card specifications. "By 1937...
Writing in 1946, Clarke, like almost all sci-fi authors, had not then foreseen the development and eventual ubiquity of the computer. ===Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate=== A common example of the requests often printed on punched cards which were to be individually handled, especially those intended for the public to use and return is "Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate" (in the UK - "Do not bend, spike, fold or mutilate").
These companies, and others, manufactured and marketed a variety of punched cards and unit record machines for creating, sorting, and tabulating punched cards, even after the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Both IBM and Remington Rand tied punched card purchases to machine leases, a violation of the 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act.
By 1950 punched cards had become ubiquitous in industry and government.
Tom Watson Jr.'s decision to sign this decree, where IBM saw the punched card provisions as the most significant point, completed the transfer of power to him from Thomas Watson, Sr. The UNITYPER introduced magnetic tape for data entry in the 1950s.
"Do not fold, spindle or mutilate," a warning that appeared on some punched cards distributed as documents such as checks and utility bills to be returned for processing, became a motto for the post-World War II era. In 1955 IBM signed a consent decree requiring, amongst other things, that IBM would by 1962 have no more than one-half of the punched card manufacturing capacity in the United States.
Stub cards were used in applications requiring tags, labels, or carbon copies. === IBM 40-column Port-A-Punch card format === According to the IBM Archive: IBM's Supplies Division introduced the Port-A-Punch in 1958 as a fast, accurate means of manually punching holes in specially scored IBM punched cards.
During the 1960s, the punched card was gradually replaced as the primary means for data storage by magnetic tape, as better, more capable computers became available.
Some 1960s students at Berkeley wore buttons saying: "Do not fold, spindle or mutilate.
company that supplied punched card equipment and supplies until 2011. Collected Information on Punched Card Codes, Atlas Computer Laboratory, 1960 article about use of punched cards in the 1990s (Cardamation) (Collection shows examples of left, right, and no corner cuts.) Punched Cards - a collection at Gesellschaft für Software mbH UNIVAC Punch Card Gallery (Shows examples of both left and right corner cuts.) VintageTech – a U.S.
"Do not fold, spindle or mutilate," a warning that appeared on some punched cards distributed as documents such as checks and utility bills to be returned for processing, became a motto for the post-World War II era. In 1955 IBM signed a consent decree requiring, amongst other things, that IBM would by 1962 have no more than one-half of the punched card manufacturing capacity in the United States.
In 1964, IBM changed from square to round corners.
The introduction of EBCDIC in 1964 defined columns with as many as six punches (zones [12,11,0,8,9] + digit [1–7]).
Mohawk Data Sciences introduced a magnetic tape encoder in 1965, a system marketed as a keypunch replacement which was somewhat successful.
The product was intended for "on-the-spot" recording operations—such as physical inventories, job tickets and statistical surveys—because it eliminated the need for preliminary writing or typing of source documents. === IBM 96-column format === In 1969 IBM introduced a new, smaller, round-hole, 96-column card format along with the IBM System/3 low-end business computer.
This format was never very widely used; It was IBM-only, but they did not support it on any equipment beyond the System/3, where it was quickly superseded by the 1973 IBM 3740 Data Entry System using 8-inch floppy disks. === Powers/Remington Rand/UNIVAC 90-column format === The Powers/Remington Rand card format was initially the same as Hollerith's; 45 columns and round holes.
company that supplied punched card equipment and supplies until 2011. Collected Information on Punched Card Codes, Atlas Computer Laboratory, 1960 article about use of punched cards in the 1990s (Cardamation) (Collection shows examples of left, right, and no corner cuts.) Punched Cards - a collection at Gesellschaft für Software mbH UNIVAC Punch Card Gallery (Shows examples of both left and right corner cuts.) VintageTech – a U.S.
They come typically in boxes of 2000 cards or as continuous form cards.
For example: Accommodation of people's names: The Man Whose Name Wouldn't Fit Artist and architect Maya Lin in 2004 designed a public art installation at Ohio University, titled "Input", that looks like a punched card from the air. Tucker Hall at the University of Missouri - Columbia features architecture that is rumored to be influenced by punched cards.
company that supplied punched card equipment and supplies until 2011. Collected Information on Punched Card Codes, Atlas Computer Laboratory, 1960 article about use of punched cards in the 1990s (Cardamation) (Collection shows examples of left, right, and no corner cuts.) Punched Cards - a collection at Gesellschaft für Software mbH UNIVAC Punch Card Gallery (Shows examples of both left and right corner cuts.) VintageTech – a U.S.
Many early digital computers used punched cards as the primary medium for input of both computer programs and data. While punched cards are now obsolete as a storage medium, as of 2012, some voting machines still used punched cards to record votes.
As of September 2014, some character interface defaults, such as the command prompt window's width in Microsoft Windows, remain set at 80 columns and some file formats, such as FITS, still use 80-character card images. In Arthur C.
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