At the time of the formation of the Dal Khalsa in 1748 at Amritsar, Punjab had been divided into 36 areas and 12 separate Sikh principalities, called Misl.
The period was also notable for the emergence of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism. The Afghan forces of Durrani Empire (also known as the Afghan Empire), under the command of Ahmad Shah Durrani, entered Punjab in 1749 and captured Punjab—with Lahore being governed by Pashtuns—and Kashmir regions.
In 1758, Punjab came under the rule of Marathas, who captured the region by defeating the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Abdali's Indian invasion weakened the Maratha influence. After the death of Ahmad Shah, Punjab was freed from the Afghan rule by Sikhs for a brief period between 1773 and 1818.
Abdali's Indian invasion weakened the Maratha influence. After the death of Ahmad Shah, Punjab was freed from the Afghan rule by Sikhs for a brief period between 1773 and 1818.
It covered a relatively smaller area lying between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers. === 19th century === The 19th-century definition of the Punjab region focuses on the collapse of the Sikh Empire and the creation of the British Punjab province between 1846 and 1849.
Six years later, the British East India Company was given an excuse to declare war, and in 1849, after two Anglo-Sikh wars, Punjab was annexed by the East India Company.
It covered a relatively smaller area lying between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers. === 19th century === The 19th-century definition of the Punjab region focuses on the collapse of the Sikh Empire and the creation of the British Punjab province between 1846 and 1849.
In the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Sikh rulers backed the East India Company, providing troops and support.
However, in Jhelum, 35 British soldiers of HMXXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance, and in Ludhiana, a rebellion was crushed with the assistance of the Punjab chiefs of Nabha and Malerkotla. ==== Modern period (after 1858) ==== The British Raj had political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education.
In British India, until the Partition of India in 1947, the Punjab Province encompassed the present-day Indian states and union territories of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, and Delhi and the Pakistani regions of Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory.
At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab.
Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, and Chandigarh are all the other cities in Punjab with a city proper population of over a million. ===1947 partition=== The 1947 definition defines the Punjab region with reference to the dissolution of British India, whereby the then British Punjab Province was partitioned between what would become India and Pakistan.
In India, it includes the Punjab state, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Using the 1947 definition, Punjab borders the Balochistan and Pashtunistan regions to the west, Kashmir to the north, the Hindi Belt to the east, and Rajasthan and Sindh to the south.
. The Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash. Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash. History of Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash. History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L.M.
. The Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash. Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash. History of Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash. History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L.M.
The Insecurity State: Punjab and the Making of Colonial Power in British India (2020) excerpt [Quraishee 73] Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee, Azeez Book Depot, Lahore, 1973. [Chopra 77] Punjab as a Sovereign State, Gulshan Lal Chopra, Al-Biruni, Lahore, 1977. Patwant Singh.
. The Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash. Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash. History of Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash. History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L.M.
The Insecurity State: Punjab and the Making of Colonial Power in British India (2020) excerpt [Quraishee 73] Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee, Azeez Book Depot, Lahore, 1973. [Chopra 77] Punjab as a Sovereign State, Gulshan Lal Chopra, Al-Biruni, Lahore, 1977. Patwant Singh.
"The State and Agricultural Productivity: Continuity versus Change in the Indian and Pakistani Punjabs." Asian Survey, 1 April 1986, Vol.
Joshi (Ed). The Legacy of the Punjab, 1997, R.M.
In 2001, it was recorded that farmers made up 39% of Indian Punjab's workforce. Alternatively, Punjab is also adding to the economy with the increase in employment of Punjab youth in the private sector.
Chopra, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi.
2nd revised edition, published in 2013. Sims, Holly.
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