The second act of 1721 was due to the prevalence of the plague at Marseille and other places in Provence, France.
In 1721 two vessels carrying cotton goods from Cyprus, then affected by the plague, were ordered to be burned with their cargoes, the owners receiving an indemnity.
In the 1730s, the city built a quarantine station on the Bedloe's Island.
It was renewed in 1733 after a new outbreak in continental Europe, and again in 1743, due to an epidemic in Messina.
Since 1741 Stangate Creek (on the Medway) had been the quarantine station but it was available only for vessels with clean bills of health.
It was renewed in 1733 after a new outbreak in continental Europe, and again in 1743, due to an epidemic in Messina.
In 1752 a rigorous quarantine clause was introduced into an act regulating trade with the Levant, and various arbitrary orders were issued during the next twenty years to meet the supposed danger of infection from the Baltic states.
By the clause in the Levant Trade Act of 1752, ships arriving in the United Kingdom with a "foul bill" (i.e.
The Pest House in Concord, Massachusetts was used as early as 1752 to quarantine those suffering from cholera, tuberculosis and smallpox. In early June 1832, during the cholera epidemic in New York, Governor Enos Throop called a special session of the Legislature for 21 June, to pass a Public Health Act by both Houses of the State Legislature.
In 1755 lazarets in the form of floating hulks were established in England for the first time, the cleansing of cargo (particularly by exposure to dews) having been done previously on the ship's deck.
In 1780, when the plague was in Poland, even vessels with grain from the Baltic had to spend forty days in quarantine, and unpack and air their cargoes, but due to complaints mainly from Edinburgh and Leith, an exception was made for grain after that date.
Although no plague cases ever came to England during that period, the restrictions on traffic became more stringent, and in 1788 a very strict Quarantine Act was passed, with provisions affecting cargoes in particular.
Afterwards, they were used for other purposes. ===Modern history=== Epidemics of yellow fever ravaged urban communities in North America throughout the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, the best-known examples being the 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic and outbreaks in Georgia (1856) and Florida (1888).
The Philadelphia Lazaretto was the first quarantine hospital in the United States, built in 1799, in Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania.
In 1800 two ships with [(skin)|hides] from Mogador in Morocco were ordered to be sunk with their cargoes at the Nore, the owners receiving an indemnity.
The act was revised in 1801 and 1805, and in 1823–24 an elaborate inquiry was followed by an act making quarantine only at the discretion of the privy council, which recognized yellow fever or other highly infectious diseases as calling for quarantine, along with plague.
The act was revised in 1801 and 1805, and in 1823–24 an elaborate inquiry was followed by an act making quarantine only at the discretion of the privy council, which recognized yellow fever or other highly infectious diseases as calling for quarantine, along with plague.
The church in Eyam has a record of 273 individuals who were victims of the plague. ===Convict ship Surry, Sydney Harbour, 1814 (typhoid)=== On 28 July 1814, the convict ship Surry arrived in Sydney Harbour from England.
The act was revised in 1801 and 1805, and in 1823–24 an elaborate inquiry was followed by an act making quarantine only at the discretion of the privy council, which recognized yellow fever or other highly infectious diseases as calling for quarantine, along with plague.
From 1846 onwards the quarantine establishments in the United Kingdom were gradually reduced, while the last vestige of the British quarantine law was removed by the Public Health Act of 1896, which repealed the Quarantine Act of 1825 (with dependent clauses of other acts), and transferred from the privy council to the Local Government Board the powers to deal with ships arriving infected with yellow fever or plague.
Those afflicted with leprosy were historically isolated long-term from society, and attempts were made to check the spread of syphilis in northern Europe after 1492, the advent of yellow fever in Spain at the beginning of the 19th century, and the arrival of Asiatic cholera in 1831. Venice took the lead in measures to check the spread of plague, having appointed three guardians of public health in the first years of the Black Death (1348).
On the arrival of cholera in 1831 some new lazarets were set up at western ports; notably, a very extensive establishment near Bordeaux.
The threat of cholera in 1831 was the last occasion in England of the use of quarantine restrictions.
The Pest House in Concord, Massachusetts was used as early as 1752 to quarantine those suffering from cholera, tuberculosis and smallpox. In early June 1832, during the cholera epidemic in New York, Governor Enos Throop called a special session of the Legislature for 21 June, to pass a Public Health Act by both Houses of the State Legislature.
The first documented involuntary community quarantine was established by the Ottoman quarantine reform in 1838. ===Medieval Europe=== The word "quarantine" originates from quarantena, the Venetian language form, meaning "forty days".
From 1846 onwards the quarantine establishments in the United Kingdom were gradually reduced, while the last vestige of the British quarantine law was removed by the Public Health Act of 1896, which repealed the Quarantine Act of 1825 (with dependent clauses of other acts), and transferred from the privy council to the Local Government Board the powers to deal with ships arriving infected with yellow fever or plague.
In 1847 the privy council ordered all arrivals with a clean bill of health from the Black Sea and the Levant to be admitted, provided there had been no case of plague during the voyage and afterwards, the practice of quarantine was discontinued. After the passing of the first Quarantine Act (1710), the protective practices in England were haphazard and arbitrary.
When cholera returned to England in 1849, 1853 and 1865–66, no attempt was made to seal the ports.
Upon the appearance of the plague, the quarantine stations would be militarised and the Ottoman army would be involved in border control and disease monitoring. ====International conventions 1852–1927==== Since 1852, several conferences were held involving European powers, with a view to uniform action in keeping out the infection from the East and preventing its spread within Europe.
When cholera returned to England in 1849, 1853 and 1865–66, no attempt was made to seal the ports.
When cholera returned to England in 1849, 1853 and 1865–66, no attempt was made to seal the ports.
The powers to deal with cholera ships had been already transferred by the Public Health Act 1875. British regulations of 9 November 1896 applied to yellow fever, plague and cholera.
From 1846 onwards the quarantine establishments in the United Kingdom were gradually reduced, while the last vestige of the British quarantine law was removed by the Public Health Act of 1896, which repealed the Quarantine Act of 1825 (with dependent clauses of other acts), and transferred from the privy council to the Local Government Board the powers to deal with ships arriving infected with yellow fever or plague.
The powers to deal with cholera ships had been already transferred by the Public Health Act 1875. British regulations of 9 November 1896 applied to yellow fever, plague and cholera.
All but that of 1897 were concerned with cholera.
A convention was signed between the governments of Germany and Latvia on 9 July 1926, for which ratifications were exchanged on 6 July 1927. In 1897, the incubation period for this disease was determined and this was to be adopted for administrative purposes.
Cholera and smallpox epidemics continued throughout the nineteenth century, and plague epidemics affected Honolulu and San Francisco from 1899 until 1901.
Cholera and smallpox epidemics continued throughout the nineteenth century, and plague epidemics affected Honolulu and San Francisco from 1899 until 1901.
An additional convention was signed in Paris on 3 December 1903. A multilateral international sanitary convention was concluded at Paris on 17 January 1912.
Such a convention was concluded in Rio de Janeiro on 12 June 1904.
This was the first site in Australia to be used for quarantine purposes. ==='Typhoid Mary' (US), 1907–1910 and 1915–1938=== Mary Mallon was a cook who was found to be a carrier of Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica, the cause of typhoid fever, and was forcibly isolated from 1907 to 1910.
enterica, the cause of typhoid fever, and was forcibly isolated from 1907 to 1910.
An additional convention was signed in Paris on 3 December 1903. A multilateral international sanitary convention was concluded at Paris on 17 January 1912.
Another multilateral convention was signed in Paris on 21 June 1926, to replace that of 1912.
A sanitary convention between the governments of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay was concluded in Montevideo on 21 April 1914.
It was ratified by the Uruguayan government on 13 October 1914, by the Paraguayan government on 27 September 1917 and by the Brazilian government on 18 January 1921. Sanitary conventions were also concluded between European states.
This was the first site in Australia to be used for quarantine purposes. ==='Typhoid Mary' (US), 1907–1910 and 1915–1938=== Mary Mallon was a cook who was found to be a carrier of Salmonella enterica subsp.
It was ratified by the Uruguayan government on 13 October 1914, by the Paraguayan government on 27 September 1917 and by the Brazilian government on 18 January 1921. Sanitary conventions were also concluded between European states.
Notable quarantines in modern history include the village of Eyam in 1665 during the bubonic plague outbreak in England; East Samoa during the 1918 flu pandemic; the Diphtheria outbreak during the 1925 serum run to Nome, the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak, and extensive quarantines applied throughout the world during the COVID-19 pandemic since 2020. Ethical and practical considerations need to be considered when applying quarantine to people.
During the 1918 influenza pandemic, some communities instituted protective sequestration (sometimes referred to as "reverse quarantine") to keep the infected from introducing influenza into healthy populations.
The presence of the bacteria in her gallbladder was confirmed on autopsy. ===East Samoa, 1918 (flu pandemic)=== During the 1918 flu pandemic, the then Governor of American Samoa, John Martin Poyer, imposed a full protective sequestration of the islands from all incoming ships, successfully preventing influenza from infecting the population and thus achieving zero deaths within the territory.
Ratifications by 16 of the signatories were exchanged in Paris on 7 October 1920.
It was ratified by the Uruguayan government on 13 October 1914, by the Paraguayan government on 27 September 1917 and by the Brazilian government on 18 January 1921. Sanitary conventions were also concluded between European states.
A Soviet-Latvian sanitary convention was signed on 24 June 1922, for which ratifications were exchanged on 18 October 1923.
A bilateral sanitary convention was concluded between the governments of Latvia and Poland on 7 July 1922, for which ratifications were exchanged on 7 April 1925.
Another was concluded between the governments of Germany and Poland in Dresden on 18 December 1922, and entered into effect on 15 February 1923.
Another one was signed between the governments of Poland and Romania on 20 December 1922.
A Soviet-Latvian sanitary convention was signed on 24 June 1922, for which ratifications were exchanged on 18 October 1923.
Another was concluded between the governments of Germany and Poland in Dresden on 18 December 1922, and entered into effect on 15 February 1923.
Ratifications were exchanged on 11 July 1923.
The Polish government also concluded such a convention with the Soviet government on 7 February 1923, for which ratifications were exchanged on 8 January 1924.
The Polish government also concluded such a convention with the Soviet government on 7 February 1923, for which ratifications were exchanged on 8 January 1924.
Notable quarantines in modern history include the village of Eyam in 1665 during the bubonic plague outbreak in England; East Samoa during the 1918 flu pandemic; the Diphtheria outbreak during the 1925 serum run to Nome, the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak, and extensive quarantines applied throughout the world during the COVID-19 pandemic since 2020. Ethical and practical considerations need to be considered when applying quarantine to people.
A bilateral sanitary convention was concluded between the governments of Latvia and Poland on 7 July 1922, for which ratifications were exchanged on 7 April 1925.
A sanitary convention was also concluded between the governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia on 5 September 1925, for which ratifications were exchanged on 22 October 1926.
Another multilateral convention was signed in Paris on 21 June 1926, to replace that of 1912.
A sanitary convention was also concluded between the governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia on 5 September 1925, for which ratifications were exchanged on 22 October 1926.
A convention was signed between the governments of Germany and Latvia on 9 July 1926, for which ratifications were exchanged on 6 July 1927. In 1897, the incubation period for this disease was determined and this was to be adopted for administrative purposes.
A convention was signed between the governments of Germany and Latvia on 9 July 1926, for which ratifications were exchanged on 6 July 1927. In 1897, the incubation period for this disease was determined and this was to be adopted for administrative purposes.
Subsequently, she spent a further 23 years in isolation prior to her death in 1938.
This failure by the New Zealand government to prevent and contain the Spanish Flu subsequently rekindled Samoan anti-colonial sentiments that led to its eventual independence. ===Gruinard Island, 1942–1990 (anthrax)=== In 1942, during World War II, British forces tested out their biological weapons program on Gruinard Island and infected it with anthrax.
Most commonly suspect cases of infectious diseases are requested to voluntarily quarantine themselves, and Federal and local quarantine statutes only have been uncommonly invoked since then, including for a suspected smallpox case in 1963. The 1944 Public Health Service Act "to apprehend, detain, and examine certain infected persons who are peculiarly likely to cause the interstate spread of disease" clearly established the federal government's quarantine authority for the first time.
During the 1957–58 influenza pandemic and the 1968 flu pandemic, several countries implemented measures to control the spread of the disease.
Most commonly suspect cases of infectious diseases are requested to voluntarily quarantine themselves, and Federal and local quarantine statutes only have been uncommonly invoked since then, including for a suspected smallpox case in 1963. The 1944 Public Health Service Act "to apprehend, detain, and examine certain infected persons who are peculiarly likely to cause the interstate spread of disease" clearly established the federal government's quarantine authority for the first time.
During the 1957–58 influenza pandemic and the 1968 flu pandemic, several countries implemented measures to control the spread of the disease.
Notable quarantines in modern history include the village of Eyam in 1665 during the bubonic plague outbreak in England; East Samoa during the 1918 flu pandemic; the Diphtheria outbreak during the 1925 serum run to Nome, the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak, and extensive quarantines applied throughout the world during the COVID-19 pandemic since 2020. Ethical and practical considerations need to be considered when applying quarantine to people.
All lunar samples were also held in the biosecure environment of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory for initial assay. ===Yugoslavia, 1972 (smallpox)=== The 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak was the final outbreak of smallpox in Europe.
In addition, the World Health Organization applied a global influenza surveillance network. During the 1994 plague in India, many people were quarantined.
The first legislation is enforced by the Canada Border Services Agency after a complete rewrite in 2005.
Infected vessels, if these carry a doctor and a disinfecting stove, have a right to navigate the Canal in quarantine and subject only to the landing of those who are suffering from the plague. In the 20th and 21st centuries, people suspected of carrying infectious diseases have been quarantined, as in the cases of Andrew Speaker (multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2007) and Kaci Hickox (Ebola, 2014).
Cost estimates for setting up a temporary larger facility, capable of accommodating 100 to 200 travelers for several weeks, have been published by the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) in 2008 of the Transportation Research Board. ====US quarantine of imported goods==== The United States puts immediate quarantines on imported products if a contagious disease is identified and can be traced back to a certain shipment or product.
Infected vessels, if these carry a doctor and a disinfecting stove, have a right to navigate the Canal in quarantine and subject only to the landing of those who are suffering from the plague. In the 20th and 21st centuries, people suspected of carrying infectious diseases have been quarantined, as in the cases of Andrew Speaker (multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2007) and Kaci Hickox (Ebola, 2014).
As of 2014, these included one land crossing (in El Paso, Texas) and 19 international airports. Besides the port of entry where it is located, each station is also responsible for quarantining potentially infected travelers entering through any ports of entry in its assigned region.
The World Health Organization fought the outbreak with extensive quarantine and a cordon sanitaire, and the government instituted martial law. ===Case of Kaci Hickox' return to US, 2014 (Ebola)=== In 2014, Kaci Hickox, a Doctors Without Borders nurse from Maine, legally battled 21-day quarantines imposed by the states of New Jersey and Maine after returning home from treating Ebola patients in Sierra Leone.
Practice differs from country to country; in some countries, quarantine is just one of many measures governed by legislation relating to the broader concept of biosecurity; for example, Australian Biosecurity is governed by the single overarching Biosecurity Act 2015. ==Etymology and terminology== The word quarantine comes from quarantena, meaning "forty days", used in the Venetian language in the 14th and 15th centuries.
It can also be used to limit exposure, as well as eliminate a vector. New developments for quarantine include new concepts in quarantine vehicles such as the ambulance bus, mobile hospitals, and lockdown/evacuation (inverse evacuation) procedures, as well as docking stations for an ambulance bus to dock to a facility under lockdown. ==Standard quarantine practices in different countries== ===Australia=== Biosecurity in Australia is governed by the Biosecurity Act 2015.
As of 21 March 2017, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regulations specify: All commercial passenger flights must report deaths or illnesses to the CDC. Individuals must apply for a travel permit if they are under a Federal quarantine, isolation, or conditional release order. When an individual who is moving between U.S.
Notable quarantines in modern history include the village of Eyam in 1665 during the bubonic plague outbreak in England; East Samoa during the 1918 flu pandemic; the Diphtheria outbreak during the 1925 serum run to Nome, the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak, and extensive quarantines applied throughout the world during the COVID-19 pandemic since 2020. Ethical and practical considerations need to be considered when applying quarantine to people.
By late 2020, the virus had already spread within communities in large parts of the world, with many not knowing where or how they were infected. == Signals and flags == Plain yellow, green, and even black flags have been used to symbolise disease in both ships and ports, with the colour yellow having a long historical precedent, as a colour of marking for houses of infection, previous to its use as a maritime marking colour for the disease.
Paul LePage – should be in charge of making decisions that are grounded in science, not fear." ===COVID-19 pandemic, 2020–present=== During the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple governmental actors enacted quarantines in an effort to curb the rapid spread of the virus.
The 'lockdown' of Wuhan, and subsequently a wider-scale 'lockdown' throughout Hubei province, began on 23 January 2020.
For figures, see COVID-19 pandemic in Mainland China. ====Italy==== As the outbreak spread there, beginning 22 February 2020, a cordon sanitaire was imposed on a group of at least 10 different municipalities in Northern Italy, effectively quarantining more than 50,000 people.
A week later the rate of increase of cases in Italy was significantly reduced (the period from 29 February to 4 March saw daily increases of 27%, 50%, 20%, 23%, and 23%). On 8 March 2020, a much wider region of Northern Italy was placed under quarantine restrictions, involving around 16 million people.
Moreover, closed factories could re-open, but schools, bars, restaurants, and barbers were still closed. As at 4 May 2020, when new cases were running around 0.5%, (ca.
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