Warren Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927. Efforts to synthesize quartz began in the mid nineteenth century as scientists attempted to create minerals under laboratory conditions that mimicked the conditions in which the minerals formed in nature: German geologist Karl Emil von Schafhäutl (1803–1890) was the first person to synthesize quartz when in 1845 he created microscopic quartz crystals in a pressure cooker.
He discovered that regardless of a quartz crystal's size or shape, its long prism faces always joined at a perfect 60° angle. Quartz's piezoelectric properties were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880.
The quartz oscillator or resonator was first developed by Walter Guyton Cady in 1921.
George Washington Pierce designed and patented quartz crystal oscillators in 1923.
Warren Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927. Efforts to synthesize quartz began in the mid nineteenth century as scientists attempted to create minerals under laboratory conditions that mimicked the conditions in which the minerals formed in nature: German geologist Karl Emil von Schafhäutl (1803–1890) was the first person to synthesize quartz when in 1845 he created microscopic quartz crystals in a pressure cooker.
However, the quality and size of the crystals that were produced by these early efforts were poor. By the 1930s, the electronics industry had become dependent on quartz crystals.
German mineralogist Richard Nacken (1884–1971) achieved some success during the 1930s and 1940s.
German mineralogist Richard Nacken (1884–1971) achieved some success during the 1930s and 1940s.
(Prior to World War II, Brush Development produced piezoelectric crystals for record players.) By 1948, Brush Development had grown crystals that were 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, the largest to date.
Since 1950, almost all natural prasiolite has come from a small Brazilian mine, but it is also seen in Lower Silesia in Poland.
By the 1950s, [synthesis] techniques were producing synthetic quartz crystals on an industrial scale, and today virtually all the quartz crystal used in the modern electronics industry is synthetic. ==Piezoelectricity== Quartz crystals have piezoelectric properties; they develop an electric potential upon the application of mechanical stress.
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