With the emergence of driverless vehicles, radar is expected to assist the automated platform to monitor its environment, thus preventing unwanted incidents. == History == === First experiments === As early as 1886, German physicist Heinrich Hertz showed that radio waves could be reflected from solid objects.
In 1895, Alexander Popov, a physics instructor at the Imperial Russian Navy school in Kronstadt, developed an apparatus using a coherer tube for detecting distant lightning strikes.
In 1897, while testing this equipment for communicating between two ships in the Baltic Sea, he took note of an interference beat caused by the passage of a third vessel.
In 1904, he demonstrated the feasibility of detecting a ship in dense fog, but not its distance from the transmitter.
He obtained a patent for his detection device in April 1904 and later a patent for a related amendment for estimating the distance to the ship.
He also obtained a British patent on September 23, 1904 for a full radar system, that he called a telemobiloscope.
His system already used the classic antenna setup of horn antenna with parabolic reflector and was presented to German military officials in practical tests in Cologne and Rotterdam harbour but was rejected. In 1915, Robert Watson-Watt used radio technology to provide advance warning to airmen and during the 1920s went on to lead the U.K.
His system already used the classic antenna setup of horn antenna with parabolic reflector and was presented to German military officials in practical tests in Cologne and Rotterdam harbour but was rejected. In 1915, Robert Watson-Watt used radio technology to provide advance warning to airmen and during the 1920s went on to lead the U.K.
Wilkins would select a General Post Office model after noting its manual's description of a "fading" effect (the common term for interference at the time) when aircraft flew overhead. Across the Atlantic in 1922, after placing a transmitter and receiver on opposite sides of the Potomac River, U.S.
Alder took out a secret provisional patent for Naval radar in 1928. W.A.S.
In January 1931, a writeup on the apparatus was entered in the Inventions Book maintained by the Royal Engineers.
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa followed prewar Great Britain's radar development, and Hungary generated its radar technology during the war. In France in 1934, following systematic studies on the split-anode magnetron, the research branch of the Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie Sans Fil (CSF) headed by Maurice Ponte with Henri Gutton, Sylvain Berline and M.
The French and Soviet systems, however, featured continuous-wave operation that did not provide the full performance ultimately synonymous with modern radar systems. Full radar evolved as a pulsed system, and the first such elementary apparatus was demonstrated in December 1934 by the American Robert M.
Hugon, began developing an obstacle-locating radio apparatus, aspects of which were installed on the ocean liner Normandie in 1935. During the same period, Soviet military engineer P.K.
This design was followed by a pulsed system demonstrated in May 1935 by Rudolf Kühnhold and the firm in Germany and then another in June 1935 by an Air Ministry team led by Robert Watson-Watt in Great Britain. In 1935, Watson-Watt was asked to judge recent reports of a German radio-based death ray and turned the request over to Wilkins.
This revelation led to the Daventry Experiment of 26 February 1935, using a powerful BBC shortwave transmitter as the source and their GPO receiver setup in a field while a bomber flew around the site.
Also vital was the "Dowding system" of reporting and coordination to provide the best use of radar information during the tests of early radar deployment during 1936 and 1937. Given all required funding and development support, the team produced working radar systems in 1935 and began deployment.
Watson-Watt's team patented the device in GB593017. Development of radar greatly expanded on 1 September 1936 when Watson-Watt became Superintendent of a new establishment under the British Air Ministry, Bawdsey Research Station located in Bawdsey Manor, near Felixstowe, Suffolk.
Also vital was the "Dowding system" of reporting and coordination to provide the best use of radar information during the tests of early radar deployment during 1936 and 1937. Given all required funding and development support, the team produced working radar systems in 1935 and began deployment.
By 1936, the first five Chain Home (CH) systems were operational and by 1940 stretched across the entire UK including Northern Ireland.
Also vital was the "Dowding system" of reporting and coordination to provide the best use of radar information during the tests of early radar deployment during 1936 and 1937. Given all required funding and development support, the team produced working radar systems in 1935 and began deployment.
The first commercial device fitted to aircraft was a 1938 Bell Lab unit on some United Air Lines aircraft.
The Soviets produced their first mass production radars RUS-1 and RUS-2 Redut in 1939 but further development was slowed following the arrest of Oshchepkov and his subsequent gulag sentence.
Work there resulted in the design and installation of aircraft detection and tracking stations called "Chain Home" along the East and South coasts of England in time for the outbreak of World War II in 1939.
The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for "radio detection and ranging".
By 1936, the first five Chain Home (CH) systems were operational and by 1940 stretched across the entire UK including Northern Ireland.
during the 1940 Tizard Mission. In April 1940, Popular Science showed an example of a radar unit using the Watson-Watt patent in an article on air defence.
Also, in late 1941 Popular Mechanics had an article in which a U.S.
in 1941 to advise on air defense after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
Alfred Lee Loomis organized the secret MIT Radiation Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts which developed microwave radar technology in the years 1941–45.
The first Russian airborne radar, Gneiss-2, entered into service in June 1943 on Pe-2 dive bombers.
Later, in 1943, Page greatly improved radar with the monopulse technique that was used for many years in most radar applications. The war precipitated research to find better resolution, more portability, and more features for radar, including complementary navigation systems like Oboe used by the RAF's Pathfinder. ==Applications== The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the object from the radar scanner.
More than 230 Gneiss-2 stations were produced by the end of 1944.
During RAF RADAR courses in 1954/5 at Yatesbury Training Camp "radio azimuth direction and ranging" was suggested.
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