For example, he learned to use sled dogs for transportation of goods and to wear animal skins in lieu of heavy, woolen parkas, which could not keep out the cold when wet. Leaving Gjoa Haven, he sailed west and passed Cambridge Bay, which had been reached from the west by Richard Collinson in 1852.
Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (, ; ; 16 July 1872 – ) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions.
He was a key figure of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Born in Borge, Østfold, Norway, Amundsen began his career as a polar explorer as first mate on Adrien de Gerlache's Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–1899.
From 1903 to 1906, he led the first expedition to successfully traverse the Northwest Passage on the sloop Gjøa.
This was an important lesson for Amundsen's future expeditions. === The Northwest Passage === In 1903, Amundsen led the first expedition to successfully traverse Canada's Northwest Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
It aired in 1985 and featured Sverre Anker Ousdal as Amundsen. On 15 February 2019, a biographic Norwegian film titled Amundsen, directed by Espen Sandberg, was released. ==European-Inuit descendant claims== At least two Inuit people in Gjøa Haven with European ancestry have claimed to be descendants of Amundsen, from the period of their extended winter stay on King William Island from 1903 to 1905.
It aired in 1985 and featured Sverre Anker Ousdal as Amundsen. On 15 February 2019, a biographic Norwegian film titled Amundsen, directed by Espen Sandberg, was released. ==European-Inuit descendant claims== At least two Inuit people in Gjøa Haven with European ancestry have claimed to be descendants of Amundsen, from the period of their extended winter stay on King William Island from 1903 to 1905.
From 1903 to 1906, he led the first expedition to successfully traverse the Northwest Passage on the sloop Gjøa.
Amundsen traveled there overland to wire a success message on 5 December, then returned to Nome in 1906.
He said he hoped to do more and signed it "Your loyal subject, Roald Amundsen." The crew returned to Oslo in November 1906, after almost three-and-a-half years abroad.
He met her in London in 1907 and they remained close for many years, although Amundsen kept the relationship a secret from everyone outside his intimate circle.
Later, he became engaged to Bess Magids, an American divorcee whom he had met in Alaska. ==Honors== Amundsen was awarded the Grand Cross of the Imperial Austrian Order of Franz Joseph in 1907.
They left Spitsbergen on 11 May 1926, flew over the North Pole on 12 May, and landed in Alaska the following day. ===Controversy over Polar Priority=== The three previous claims to have arrived at the North Pole: Frederick Cook in 1908; Robert Peary in 1909; and Richard E.
In 1909, Amundsen began planning for a South Pole expedition.
Finding it difficult to raise funds, when he heard in 1909 that the Americans Frederick Cook and Robert Peary had claimed to reach the North Pole as a result of two different expeditions, he decided to reroute to Antarctica.
They left Spitsbergen on 11 May 1926, flew over the North Pole on 12 May, and landed in Alaska the following day. ===Controversy over Polar Priority=== The three previous claims to have arrived at the North Pole: Frederick Cook in 1908; Robert Peary in 1909; and Richard E.
He left Norway in June 1910 on the ship Fram and reached Antarctica in January 1911.
Using the ship , earlier used by Fridtjof Nansen, Amundsen left Oslo for the south on 3 June 1910.
He left Norway in June 1910 on the ship Fram and reached Antarctica in January 1911.
The party of five, led by Amundsen, became the first to successfully reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911. Following a failed attempt in 1918 to reach the North Pole by traversing the Northeast Passage on the ship Maud, Amundsen began planning for an aerial expedition instead.
At Madeira, Amundsen alerted his men that they would be heading to Antarctica, and sent a telegram to Scott: "Beg to inform you Fram proceeding Antarctic – Amundsen." Nearly six months later, the expedition arrived at the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf (then known as "the Great Ice Barrier"), at a large inlet called the Bay of Whales, on 14 January 1911.
They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim. The team arrived at Framheim on 25 January 1912, with 11 surviving dogs.
They made their way off the continent and to Hobart, Australia, where Amundsen publicly announced his success on 7 March 1912.
Not all descendants claiming European ancestry have been tested for a match to Amundsen, nor has there been a comparison of Ikuallaq's DNA to that of other European members of Amundsen's crew. == Works by Amundsen == == See also == Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea ==References== ===Notes=== ===Citations=== ===Sources=== First published in 1912 by John Murray, London. == Further reading == Stephen Bown.
The party of five, led by Amundsen, became the first to successfully reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911. Following a failed attempt in 1918 to reach the North Pole by traversing the Northeast Passage on the ship Maud, Amundsen began planning for an aerial expedition instead.
In contrast to the misfortunes of Scott's team, Amundsen's trek proved relatively smooth and uneventful. == North Polar Expeditions and The Northeast Passage == === The Northeast Passage === In 1918, an expedition Amundsen began with a new ship, , lasted until 1925.
In September 1919, the crew got the ship loose from the ice, but it froze again after eleven days somewhere between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. During this time, Amundsen suffered a broken arm and was attacked by polar bears.
She finally became free and the expedition sailed south, reaching Seattle, in the American Pacific Northwest in 1921 for repairs.
When Amundsen went bankrupt two years later, however, he sent the girls to be cared for by Camilla's father, who lived in eastern Russia. In June 1922, Amundsen returned to Maud, which had been sailed to Nome.
He divided the expedition team in two: one part, led by him, was to winter over and prepare for an attempt to fly over the pole in 1923.
The scientific materials were later retrieved by Russian scientist Nikolay Urvantsev from where they had been abandoned on the shores of the Kara Sea. === Aerial Expeditions to the North Pole === The 1923 attempt to fly over the Pole failed.
To raise additional funds, Amundsen traveled around the United States in 1924 on a lecture tour. In 1925, accompanied by Lincoln Ellsworth, pilot Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, flight mechanic Karl Feucht and two other team members, Amundsen took two Dornier Do J flying boats, the N-24 and N-25, to 87° 44′ north.
In contrast to the misfortunes of Scott's team, Amundsen's trek proved relatively smooth and uneventful. == North Polar Expeditions and The Northeast Passage == === The Northeast Passage === In 1918, an expedition Amundsen began with a new ship, , lasted until 1925.
To raise additional funds, Amundsen traveled around the United States in 1924 on a lecture tour. In 1925, accompanied by Lincoln Ellsworth, pilot Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, flight mechanic Karl Feucht and two other team members, Amundsen took two Dornier Do J flying boats, the N-24 and N-25, to 87° 44′ north.
In 1925, Amundsen was awarded the Hans Egede Medal by the Royal Danish Geographical Society. ==Legacy== Owing to Amundsen's numerous significant accomplishments in polar exploration, many places in both the Arctic and Antarctic are named after him.
On 12 May 1926, Amundsen and 15 other men in the airship Norge became the first explorers verified to have reached the North Pole.
They returned triumphant when everyone thought they had been lost forever. In 1926, Amundsen and 15 other men (including Ellsworth, Riiser-Larsen, Oscar Wisting, and the Italian air crew led by aeronautical engineer Umberto Nobile) made the first crossing of the Arctic in the airship Norge, designed by Nobile.
They left Spitsbergen on 11 May 1926, flew over the North Pole on 12 May, and landed in Alaska the following day. ===Controversy over Polar Priority=== The three previous claims to have arrived at the North Pole: Frederick Cook in 1908; Robert Peary in 1909; and Richard E.
Byrd in 1926 (just a few days before the Norge) are disputed by some, as being either of dubious accuracy or outrightly fraudulent.
If these other claims are false, the crew of the Norge would be the first explorers verified to have reached the North Pole, when they floated over it in the Norge in 1926.
Amundsen disappeared in June 1928 while flying on a rescue mission for the airship in the Arctic.
If the Norge expedition was the first to the North Pole, Amundsen and Oscar Wisting were the first men to have reached both geographical poles, by ground or by air. == Disappearance and death == Amundsen disappeared on 18 June 1928 while flying on a rescue mission in the Arctic.
The search for Amundsen and team was called off in September 1928 by the Norwegian government, and the bodies were never found. In 2004 and in late August 2009, the Royal Norwegian Navy used the unmanned submarine Hugin 1000 to search for the wreckage of Amundsen's plane.
The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, operated by the United States Antarctic Program, was jointly named in honour of Amundsen and his British rival Robert Falcon Scott. The 1969 film The Red Tent tells the story of the Nobile expedition and Amundsen's disappearance.
Gjøa was returned to Norway in 1972.
It aired in 1985 and featured Sverre Anker Ousdal as Amundsen. On 15 February 2019, a biographic Norwegian film titled Amundsen, directed by Espen Sandberg, was released. ==European-Inuit descendant claims== At least two Inuit people in Gjøa Haven with European ancestry have claimed to be descendants of Amundsen, from the period of their extended winter stay on King William Island from 1903 to 1905.
(Erskine Press, 1999) Roland Huntford.
The search for Amundsen and team was called off in September 1928 by the Norwegian government, and the bodies were never found. In 2004 and in late August 2009, the Royal Norwegian Navy used the unmanned submarine Hugin 1000 to search for the wreckage of Amundsen's plane.
(Sutton Publishing, 2006) Garth Cameron.
The search for Amundsen and team was called off in September 1928 by the Norwegian government, and the bodies were never found. In 2004 and in late August 2009, the Royal Norwegian Navy used the unmanned submarine Hugin 1000 to search for the wreckage of Amundsen's plane.
His Inuit grandparents saved him. In 2012, Y-DNA analysis, with the families' permission, showed that Ikuallaq was not a match to the direct male line of Amundsen.
London, Aurum Press, 2012) Torr Bowmann-Larsen.
(New York, Skyhorse Publishing, 2014) Garth Cameron.
(Stroud, Fonthill Media, 2017) Hugo Decleir.
It aired in 1985 and featured Sverre Anker Ousdal as Amundsen. On 15 February 2019, a biographic Norwegian film titled Amundsen, directed by Espen Sandberg, was released. ==European-Inuit descendant claims== At least two Inuit people in Gjøa Haven with European ancestry have claimed to be descendants of Amundsen, from the period of their extended winter stay on King William Island from 1903 to 1905.
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