The Saint John area was an important area for trade and defence for Acadia during the French colonial era and Fort La Tour, in the city's harbour, was a pivotal battleground during the Acadian Civil War. After over a century of ownership disputes over the land surrounding Saint John between the French and English, the English deported the French colonists in 1755 and constructed Fort Howe above the harbour in 1779.
The Saint John area was an important area for trade and defence for Acadia during the French colonial era and Fort La Tour, in the city's harbour, was a pivotal battleground during the Acadian Civil War. After over a century of ownership disputes over the land surrounding Saint John between the French and English, the English deported the French colonists in 1755 and constructed Fort Howe above the harbour in 1779.
A notable Loyalist musician, Stephen Humbert, moved in 1783 from New Jersey to Saint John and opened a Sacred Vocal Music School.
After the partitioning of the colony of Nova Scotia in 1784, the new colony of New Brunswick was thought to be named 'New Ireland' with the capital to be in Saint John before being vetoed by George III.
New Brunswick's solicitor-general 1784–1808, Ward Chipman Sr was known to have fancy soirées at his home with all the latest songs from London.
Saint John is the oldest incorporated city in Canada, established by royal charter on May 18, 1785, during the reign of King George III.
In 1785, the City of Saint John was established by uniting the two towns of Parrtown and Carleton on each side of the harbour after the arrival of thousands of refugees from the American Revolution who wished to remain British and were forced to leave their U.S.
After being incorporated as a city in 1785 with an influx of Black and White British Loyalists from the northern of the former Thirteen Colonies and also immigrants from Ireland and Italy, the city grew as a global hub for shipping and shipbuilding.
In 1801 Humbert published Union Harmony, the first Canadian music book in English.
In the years between 1815 and 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland came to Saint John dramatically changing the city. Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders.
From 1840 to 1860 sectarian violence was rampant in Saint John, as tensions grew in reaction to poor living conditions of poor Irish Catholics resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history.
The Mechanics' Institute, built in 1840, was the first large-scale platform for comic opera and concerts.
But when the Great Famine of Ireland raged between 1845 and 1849, huge waves of famine refugees flooded the city's shores.
It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time.
It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time.
In 1847, dubbed "Black 47", one of the worst years of the famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at Partridge Island, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. As of the 2016 census, approximately 87.7% of the residents were white, while 7% were visible minorities and 5.3% were aboriginal.
But when the Great Famine of Ireland raged between 1845 and 1849, huge waves of famine refugees flooded the city's shores.
In 1849 the union was formed when Saint John's longshoremen banded together to lobby for regular pay and a shorter workday.
In 1851 the city cemented itself as a global shipbuilding hub when the , built from a Saint John yard, became the fastest in the world. However, as the city grew in strategic importance to English power and capital, unrest grew among many of its working class.
The city experienced a cholera outbreak in 1854 with the death of over 1,500 people, as well as a great fire in 1877 that destroyed 40% of the city and left 20,000 people homeless. ===Notable firsts=== 1785: Saint John becomes the first incorporated city in what would become Canada. 1785: First quarantine station in North America, Partridge Island, established by the city's charter.
From 1840 to 1860 sectarian violence was rampant in Saint John, as tensions grew in reaction to poor living conditions of poor Irish Catholics resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history.
In the years between 1815 and 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland came to Saint John dramatically changing the city. Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders.
The Moosehead Brewery (established in 1867, is Canada's only nationally distributed independent brewery [M.
The city experienced a cholera outbreak in 1854 with the death of over 1,500 people, as well as a great fire in 1877 that destroyed 40% of the city and left 20,000 people homeless. ===Notable firsts=== 1785: Saint John becomes the first incorporated city in what would become Canada. 1785: First quarantine station in North America, Partridge Island, established by the city's charter.
The original model is in the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John. 1880: First clockwork time bomb developed in 1880. 1906: The first public playground in Canada was inaugurated. 1907: The first orchestra to accompany a silent moving picture, on the North American continent, was in the old nickel theatre. 1918: One of the first police unions in Canada, the Saint John Police Protective Association, was formed in Saint John. 1918: Saint Johner Dr.
The Canadian Pacific Railway opened a line to Saint John from Montreal in 1889 across the state of Maine and transferred the majority of its trans-Atlantic passenger and cargo shipping to the port during the winter months.
ILA Local 273 remain one of the city's strongest trade unions to this day. ===The Saint John Street Railwaymen's strike and riot of 1914=== The 1914 Saint John street railway strike (sometimes called the Saint John street railwaymen's strike) was a strike by workers on the street railway system in the city which lasted from July 22 to 24, 1914, with rioting by Saint John inhabitants occurring on July 23 and 24.
Mayer, and Miller Brittain. What is considered the golden age of the Saint John arts community was during the post-war era from 1940 to 1970 when the city produced renowned artists and writers such as poet Kay Smith, painters Jack Humphrey, Miller Brittain, Bruno Bobak, Fred Ross, and sculptor John Hooper and folk-singer Tom Connors.
Snowfalls can often be heavy, but rain is as common as snow in winter, and it is not unusual for the ground to be snow-free even in mid-winter. The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint John was on June 22, 1941, August 15, 1944, and August 22, 1976.
Snowfalls can often be heavy, but rain is as common as snow in winter, and it is not unusual for the ground to be snow-free even in mid-winter. The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint John was on June 22, 1941, August 15, 1944, and August 22, 1976.
The coldest temperature ever recorded was on February 11, 1948. ==Buildings and structures== Courtney Bay Smokestacks (each ) Brunswick Square () 19-storey office building with which was built in 1976.
In 1950 The Saint John Symphony was founded by Kelsey Jones; by 1983 the organization became Symphony New Brunswick.
Poet Bliss Carman once wrote about Saint John, "All the beauty and mystery Of life were there, adventure bold, Youth, and the glamour of the sea, And all its sorrows old." ===Dance, music, and theatre=== Comhaltas Saint John: Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann was founded in Dublin, Ireland, in 1951.
Lawrence Seaway in 1959, the Port of Saint John functioned as the winter port for Montreal, Quebec when shipping was unable to traverse the sea ice in the Gulf of St.
The port fell into decline following the seaway opening and the start of year-round icebreaker services in the 1960s.
In 1968, UNBSJ opened a new campus in the city's Tucker Park neighbourhood.
Mayer, and Miller Brittain. What is considered the golden age of the Saint John arts community was during the post-war era from 1940 to 1970 when the city produced renowned artists and writers such as poet Kay Smith, painters Jack Humphrey, Miller Brittain, Bruno Bobak, Fred Ross, and sculptor John Hooper and folk-singer Tom Connors.
This campus has undergone expansion over the years and is the fastest-growing component of the UNB system, with many new buildings constructed from the 1970s to the first decade of the 21st century.
The strike was important for shattering the image of Saint John as a conservative town dominated primarily by ethnic and religious (rather than class) divisions, and highlighting tensions between railway industrialists and the local working population. ===October 14, 1976: The Saint John General Strike=== The Saint John General Strike of 1976 was a result of the Bill C-73 passed by Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, and the House of Commons in Ottawa on October 14, 1975.
After its introduction in 1975, it was not until 1976 that the Anti-Inflation Board (AIB) began to roll back workers' wages.
Snowfalls can often be heavy, but rain is as common as snow in winter, and it is not unusual for the ground to be snow-free even in mid-winter. The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint John was on June 22, 1941, August 15, 1944, and August 22, 1976.
The coldest temperature ever recorded was on February 11, 1948. ==Buildings and structures== Courtney Bay Smokestacks (each ) Brunswick Square () 19-storey office building with which was built in 1976.
The strike was important for shattering the image of Saint John as a conservative town dominated primarily by ethnic and religious (rather than class) divisions, and highlighting tensions between railway industrialists and the local working population. ===October 14, 1976: The Saint John General Strike=== The Saint John General Strike of 1976 was a result of the Bill C-73 passed by Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, and the House of Commons in Ottawa on October 14, 1975.
Most provinces of Canada accepted the bill by spring of 1976, but within eighteen months they began to withdraw from the program.
After its introduction in 1975, it was not until 1976 that the Anti-Inflation Board (AIB) began to roll back workers' wages.
The majority of workers within Saint John were influenced by the AIB by January 1976.
On February 5, 1976, the Saint John District and the Labour Council held a conference to plan an organized opposition to the AIB.
During the 1980s-early 1990s the shipyard was responsible for building 9 of the 12 multi-purpose patrol frigates for the Canadian Navy.
In 1950 The Saint John Symphony was founded by Kelsey Jones; by 1983 the organization became Symphony New Brunswick.
There are also a number of call centres which were established in the 1990s under provincial government incentives. ===Maritime industries=== Saint John is a major Canadian port, and the only city on the Bay of Fundy.
During the 1980s-early 1990s the shipyard was responsible for building 9 of the 12 multi-purpose patrol frigates for the Canadian Navy.
In 1994 CPR left Saint John when it sold the line to shortline operator New Brunswick Southern Railway.
All major industries in Saint John were shut down. ===The Irving Oil Refinery strike, 1994–1996=== On May 12, 1994, at 4:30 pm, members of Local 691 of the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers (CEP) union at the Irving Oil Ltd.
Passenger rail service in Saint John was discontinued in December 1994, although the Canadian National Railway and New Brunswick Southern Railway continue to provide freight service. ===Port and ferries=== Port Saint John is located where the Saint John River meets the Atlantic Ocean.
Since 2003 shipbuilding has ended on the scale it once was, forcing the city to adopt a new economic strategy.
However, the Irving family closed the shipyard in 2003 and centralized in Halifax leaving the Saint John dry dock sitting idle. Ecological research on surrounding marine life of the Bay of Fundy and the Saint John and Kennebecasis Rivers is centred in the city.
When the census was taken in May 2011 the population of the Saint John metropolitan area was 127,761 compared with 122,389 in 2006. ===Ethnicity and religion=== Historically, as one of Canada's main ports, Saint John has been a centre for immigration from all over the world.
There has also been a satellite campus of Dalhousie Medical School added within the UNBSJ campus in 2010, instructing 30 medical students each year. In the fall of 2007, a report commissioned by the provincial government recommended UNBSJ and the NBCC be reformed and consolidated into a new polytechnic post-secondary institute.
There has also been a satellite campus of Dalhousie Medical School added within the UNBSJ campus in 2010, instructing 30 medical students each year. In the fall of 2007, a report commissioned by the provincial government recommended UNBSJ and the NBCC be reformed and consolidated into a new polytechnic post-secondary institute.
This trend reversed itself and the city's population increased in the 2011 census, but then declined again by 2016.
When the census was taken in May 2011 the population of the Saint John metropolitan area was 127,761 compared with 122,389 in 2006. ===Ethnicity and religion=== Historically, as one of Canada's main ports, Saint John has been a centre for immigration from all over the world.
In 2011, WestJet decided to withdraw from the Saint John Airport.
Quebec-based Pascan Aviation announced its expansion into Saint John in late 2012, with direct flights from Saint John to Quebec City, Newfoundland, and other destinations beginning in September 2012.
The city was the most populous in New Brunswick until the 2016 census, when it was overtaken by Moncton.
This trend reversed itself and the city's population increased in the 2011 census, but then declined again by 2016.
In 1847, dubbed "Black 47", one of the worst years of the famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at Partridge Island, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. As of the 2016 census, approximately 87.7% of the residents were white, while 7% were visible minorities and 5.3% were aboriginal.
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