Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era: 1760-1815 (U of Minnesota Press, 1986) online review Bendixsen, Synnøve, Mary Bente Bringslid, and Halvard Vike, eds.
This war resulted in Finland (formerly the eastern third of Sweden) becoming the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809 and Norway (de jure in union with Denmark since 1387, although de facto treated as a province) becoming independent in 1814, but thereafter swiftly forced to accept a personal union with Sweden.
This war resulted in Finland (formerly the eastern third of Sweden) becoming the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809 and Norway (de jure in union with Denmark since 1387, although de facto treated as a province) becoming independent in 1814, but thereafter swiftly forced to accept a personal union with Sweden.
A personal union, entered into by the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway in 1536, lasted until 1814.
Norway's old royal line had died out with the death of Olav IV in 1387, but Norway's remaining a hereditary kingdom became an important factor for the Oldenburg dynasty of Denmark–Norway in its struggles to win elections as kings of Denmark. The Treaty of Kiel (14 January 1814) formally dissolved the Dano-Norwegian union and ceded the territory of Norway proper to the King of Sweden, but Denmark retained Norway's overseas possessions.
However, widespread Norwegian resistance to the prospect of a union with Sweden induced the governor of Norway, crown prince Christian Frederick (later Christian VIII of Denmark), to call a constituent assembly at Eidsvoll in April 1814.
Following a Swedish invasion during the summer, the peace conditions of the Convention of Moss (14 August 1814) specified that king Christian Frederik had to resign, but Norway would keep its independence and its constitution within a personal union with Sweden.
Christian Frederik formally abdicated on 10 August 1814 and returned to Denmark.
Rather the word was brought into use in Europe by scholars borrowing the term from ancient sources like Pliny, and was used vaguely for Scania and the southern region of the peninsula. The term was popularised by the linguistic and cultural Scandinavist movement, which asserted the common heritage and cultural unity of the Scandinavian countries and rose to prominence in the 1830s.
The popular usage of the term in Sweden, Denmark and Norway as a unifying concept became established in the nineteenth century through poems such as Hans Christian Andersen's "I am a Scandinavian" of 1839.
The Second war of Schleswig followed in 1864, a brief but disastrous war between Denmark and Prussia (supported by Austria).
The Scandinavian Monetary Union, established in 1873, lasted until World War I. ==Use of Nordic countries vs.
Scandinavia and the great powers 1890-1940 (Cambridge UP, 2002). Sanders, Ruth H.
The Norwegian parliament Storting elected king Charles XIII of Sweden as king of Norway on 4 November. The Storting dissolved the union between Sweden and Norway in 1905, after which the Norwegians elected Prince Charles of Denmark as king of Norway: he reigned as Haakon VII. ==Economy== The economies of the countries of Scandinavia are amongst the strongest in Europe.
There is a generous welfare system in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. ===Tourism=== Various promotional agencies of the Nordic countries in the United States (such as The American-Scandinavian Foundation, established in 1910 by the Danish American industrialist Niels Poulsen) serve to promote market and tourism interests in the region.
The Nordic Model: Scandinavia since 1945 (Reaktion books, 2008). Ingebritsen, Christine.
The Viking achievement: the society and culture of early medieval Scandinavia (Sidgwick & Jackson, 1970). Winroth, Anders.
A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland (George Allen & Unwin, 1979).
The coldest month was February 1985 in Vittangi (Sweden) with a mean of −27.2 °C. Southwesterly winds further warmed by foehn wind can give warm temperatures in narrow Norwegian fjords in winter.
The cooperation was introduced for the Asian market in 1986, when the Swedish national tourist board joined the Danish national tourist board to coordinate intergovernmental promotion of the two countries.
Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era: 1760-1815 (U of Minnesota Press, 1986) online review Bendixsen, Synnøve, Mary Bente Bringslid, and Halvard Vike, eds.
Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia (Taylor & Francis, 1993). Raffield, Ben, Neil Price, and Mark Collard.
Medieval Scandinavia: From conversion to reformation, circa 800-1500 (U of Minnesota Press, 1993). Sawyer, Peter Hayes.
Scandinavia since 1500 (U of Minnesota Press, 2000). Östling, Johan, Niklas Olsen, and David Larsson Heidenblad, eds.
Democracy and citizenship in Scandinavia (Springer, 2001). Bendixsen, Synnøve, Mary Bente Bringslid, and Halvard Vike, eds.
Scandinavia and the great powers 1890-1940 (Cambridge UP, 2002). Sanders, Ruth H.
Volume 1, Prehistory to 1520 (Cambridge UP, 2003). Mikkelsen, Flemming, Knut Kjeldstadli, and Stefan Nyzell, eds.
Scandinavia in world politics (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006). Kröger, Teppo.
The Nordic Model: Scandinavia since 1945 (Reaktion books, 2008). Ingebritsen, Christine.
Crime and fantasy in Scandinavia: Fiction, film and social change (University of Washington Press, 2011). Rogerson, Richard.
The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe (Yale UP, 2012).
The Age of the Vikings (Princeton UP, 2016) excerpt Winroth, Anders.
Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: Historical and contemporary perspectives (Springer, 2017). Derry, T.
Viking-Age Transformations: Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia (Taylor & Francis, 2017). Gron, Kurt J., and Lasse Sørensen.
Popular struggle and democracy in Scandinavia: 1700-present (Springer, 2017). Nissen, Henrik S.
The Languages of Scandinavia: Seven Sisters of the North (U of Chicago Press, 2017). Sawyer, Birgit.
Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: Historical and contemporary perspectives (Springer, 2017). Gallie, Duncan.
Ibsen, Scandinavia and the making of a world drama (Cambridge UP, 2018). Glørstad, Zanette T., and Kjetil Loftsgarden, eds.
Sport in Scandinavia and the Nordic countries (Routledge, 2018). Hilson, Mary.
Families, Values, and the Transfer of Knowledge in Northern Societies, 1500–2000 (Routledge, 2019). Barton, H.
"Local government in Scandinavia: autonomous or integrated into the welfare state?." in Social Care Services (Routledge, 2019) pp.
Histories of Knowledge in Postwar Scandinavia: Actors, Arenas, and Aspirations (Routledge, 2020) excerpt. Pulsiano, Phillip, and Paul Leonard Acker.
Scandinavia in the Age of Vikings (Cornell UP, 2021) excerpt Wilson, David Mackenzie, and P.
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