It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland, after they abolished slavery and began promoting an abolitionist doctrine, adding native kingdoms like the Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof Empire.
French colonists progressively invaded and took over all the kingdoms, except Siné and Saloum, under Governor Louis Faidherbe. Yoro Dyao was in command of the canton of Foss-Galodjina and was set over Wâlo (Ouâlo) by Louis Faidherbe, where he served as a chief from 1861 to 1914.
In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved, typically as a result of being taken captive in warfare. In the 14th century the Jolof Empire grew more powerful, having united Cayor and the kingdoms of Baol, Siné, Saloum, Waalo, Futa Tooro and Bambouk, or much of present-day West Africa.
French colonists progressively invaded and took over all the kingdoms, except Siné and Saloum, under Governor Louis Faidherbe. Yoro Dyao was in command of the canton of Foss-Galodjina and was set over Wâlo (Ouâlo) by Louis Faidherbe, where he served as a chief from 1861 to 1914.
Senegalese resistance to the French expansion and curtailing of their lucrative slave trade was led in part by Lat-Dior, Damel of Cayor, and Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, the Maad a Sinig of Siné, resulting in the Battle of Logandème. In 1915, over 300 Senegalese came under Australian command, ahead of the taking of Damascus by Australians, before the expected arrival of the famed Lawrence of Arabia.
Infant mortality in Senegal was 157 per 1,000 live births in 1950., but since then it has declined five-fold to 32 per 1,000 in 2018.
The first Bahá'is to set foot in the territory of French West Africa that would become Senegal arrived in 1953.
French and British diplomacy in the area were thrown into disarray. On 25 November 1958, Senegal became an autonomous republic within the French Community. ===Independence (1960)=== On 4 April 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of a transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960.
French and British diplomacy in the area were thrown into disarray. On 25 November 1958, Senegal became an autonomous republic within the French Community. ===Independence (1960)=== On 4 April 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of a transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960.
French and British diplomacy in the area were thrown into disarray. On 25 November 1958, Senegal became an autonomous republic within the French Community. ===Independence (1960)=== On 4 April 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of a transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960.
Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on 20 August, when Senegal and French Sudan (renamed the Republic of Mali) each proclaimed independence. Léopold Sédar Senghor was Senegal's first president in September 1960.
French was ratified as the official language of Senegal in 1960 when the country achieved independence. Most people also speak their own ethnic language while, especially in Dakar, Wolof is the lingua franca.
Portuguese was introduced in Senegal's secondary education in 1961 in Dakar by the country's first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor.
Over 3,000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Senegal since 1963. === Agriculture === === Fishing === Senegal has a exclusive fishing zone that has been regularly breached in recent years ().
The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Senegal was elected in 1966 in Dakar.
In 1975 the Bahá'í community elected the first National Spiritual Assembly of Senegal.
Senegal was one of the continent's pioneers in basketball as it established one of Africa's first competitive leagues. In 2016, the NBA announced the launch of an Elite's Academy in Africa, and more precisely in Senegal. The country hosted the Paris–Dakar rally from 1979 until 2007.
Pro-African, he advocated a brand of African socialism. In 1980, President Senghor decided to retire from politics.
Senghor moved to France, where he died at the age of 95. In the 1980s, Boubacar Lam discovered Senegalese oral history that was initially compiled by the Tukulor noble, Yoro Dyâo, not long after World War I, which documented migrations into West Africa from the Nile Valley; ethnic groups, from the Senegal River to the Niger Delta, retained traditions of having an eastern origin. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal Senegambia Confederation on 1 February 1982.
The next year, he transferred power in 1981 to his hand-picked successor, Abdou Diouf.
In the early 21st century, violence has subsided and President Macky Sall held talks with rebels in Rome in December 2012. Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000.
Senghor moved to France, where he died at the age of 95. In the 1980s, Boubacar Lam discovered Senegalese oral history that was initially compiled by the Tukulor noble, Yoro Dyâo, not long after World War I, which documented migrations into West Africa from the Nile Valley; ethnic groups, from the Senegal River to the Niger Delta, retained traditions of having an eastern origin. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal Senegambia Confederation on 1 February 1982.
Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group (Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance or MFDC) in the Casamance region has clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982 in the Casamance conflict.
Former prime minister Mamadou Dia, who was Senghor's rival, ran for election in 1983 against Diouf, but lost.
The fertility rate ranged 5 to 5.3 between 2005 and 2013, with 4.1 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas, as official survey (6.4 in 1986 and 5.7 in 1997) point out.
However, the union was dissolved in 1989.
In spite of clear progress on other fronts with Mauritania (border security, resource management, economic integration, etc.), an estimated 35,000 Mauritanian refugees (of the estimated 40,000 who were expelled from their home country in 1989) remain in Senegal. Senegal is part of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
Senegal is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa. Senegal achieved full Internet connectivity in 1996, creating a mini-boom in information technology-based services.
It was elected to the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1997.
The fertility rate ranged 5 to 5.3 between 2005 and 2013, with 4.1 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas, as official survey (6.4 in 1986 and 5.7 in 1997) point out.
The principal foreign market is India with 26.7% of exports (as of 1998).
Abdou Diouf served four terms as president. In the presidential election of 1999, opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and fair by international observers.
The unicameral parliament consists of the National Assembly, which has 150 seats (a Senate was in place from 1999 to 2001 and 2007 to 2012).
In the early 21st century, violence has subsided and President Macky Sall held talks with rebels in Rome in December 2012. Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000.
There were six physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).
The presidential term was reduced from seven years to five. == Government and politics == Senegal is a republic with a presidency; the president is elected every five years as of 2016, previously being seven years from independence to 2001, five years from 2001 to 2008, and 7 years again from 2008 to 2016, by adult voters.
The unicameral parliament consists of the National Assembly, which has 150 seats (a Senate was in place from 1999 to 2001 and 2007 to 2012).
According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 26% of women in Senegal have undergone female genital mutilation. ===Education=== Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution adopted in January 2001 guarantee access to education for all children.
Public expenditure on education was 5.4 percent of the 2002–2005 GDP. ==Culture== Senegal is well known for the West African tradition of storytelling, which is done by griots, who have kept West African history alive for thousands of years through words and music.
In 2002 and 2019, the national team were runners-up at the Africa Cup of Nations and became one of only three African teams to ever reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup, defeating holders France in their first game.
Senegal is also a signatory of the African Charter of Human and People's Rights, which was adopted during the 2003 African Union Summit. ===Ethnic groups=== Senegal has a wide variety of ethnic groups and, as in most West African countries, several languages are widely spoken.
On 30 December 2004 President Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the separatist group in the Casamance region.
Public expenditure on health was at 2.4 percent of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 3.5 percent.
Health expenditure was at US$72 (PPP) per capita in 2004.
There was a round of talks in 2005, but the results have not yet yielded a resolution. In March 2012, the incumbent president Abdoulaye Wade lost the presidential election and Macky Sall was elected as the new President of Senegal.
The most recent estimate, by the Association of Religion Data Archives in a 2005 report details the population of Senegalese Bahá'ís at 22,000. ===Health=== Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 66.8 years in 2016 (64.7 years male, 68.7 years female).
The fertility rate ranged 5 to 5.3 between 2005 and 2013, with 4.1 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas, as official survey (6.4 in 1986 and 5.7 in 1997) point out.
The net primary enrollment rate was 69 percent in 2005.
The unicameral parliament consists of the National Assembly, which has 150 seats (a Senate was in place from 1999 to 2001 and 2007 to 2012).
Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Senegal has a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 23,800 in 2007.
Senegal was one of the continent's pioneers in basketball as it established one of Africa's first competitive leagues. In 2016, the NBA announced the launch of an Elite's Academy in Africa, and more precisely in Senegal. The country hosted the Paris–Dakar rally from 1979 until 2007.
The presidential term was reduced from seven years to five. == Government and politics == Senegal is a republic with a presidency; the president is elected every five years as of 2016, previously being seven years from independence to 2001, five years from 2001 to 2008, and 7 years again from 2008 to 2016, by adult voters.
By 2014, it had recovered its Free status. In 2008, Senegal finished in 12th position on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance.
The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance (limited to sub-Saharan Africa until 2008), based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to their citizens.
When the Northern African countries were added to the index in 2009, Senegal's 2008 position was retroactively downgraded to 15th place (with Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco placing themselves ahead of Senegal).
There are also tens of thousands of Mauritanian refugees in Senegal, primarily in the country's north. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S.
In 2009, Freedom House downgraded Senegal's status from "Free" to "Partially Free", based on increased centralisation of power in the executive.
When the Northern African countries were added to the index in 2009, Senegal's 2008 position was retroactively downgraded to 15th place (with Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco placing themselves ahead of Senegal).
Griots give voice to generations of West African society. The African Renaissance Monument built in 2010 in Dakar is the tallest statue in Africa.
, Senegal's rank in the Ibrahim Index has decreased another point to 16 out of 52 African countries. On 22 February 2011, Senegal severed diplomatic ties with Iran, saying it supplied rebels with weapons which killed Senegalese troops in the Casamance conflict. The 2012 presidential election was controversial due to President Wade's candidacy, as the opposition argued he should not be considered eligible to run for the presidency again.
Several youth opposition movements, including M23 and Y'en a Marre, emerged in June 2011.
In the early 21st century, violence has subsided and President Macky Sall held talks with rebels in Rome in December 2012. Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000.
There was a round of talks in 2005, but the results have not yet yielded a resolution. In March 2012, the incumbent president Abdoulaye Wade lost the presidential election and Macky Sall was elected as the new President of Senegal.
The current president is Macky Sall, elected in March 2012 and reelected in February 2019. Senegal has more than 80 political parties.
The unicameral parliament consists of the National Assembly, which has 150 seats (a Senate was in place from 1999 to 2001 and 2007 to 2012).
, Senegal's rank in the Ibrahim Index has decreased another point to 16 out of 52 African countries. On 22 February 2011, Senegal severed diplomatic ties with Iran, saying it supplied rebels with weapons which killed Senegalese troops in the Casamance conflict. The 2012 presidential election was controversial due to President Wade's candidacy, as the opposition argued he should not be considered eligible to run for the presidency again.
This peaceful and democratic transition was hailed by many foreign observers, such as the EU as a show of "maturity". On 19 September 2012, lawmakers voted to do away with the Senate to save an estimated $15 million. In August 2017, the ruling party won a landslide victory in the parliamentary election.
According to 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center, 96% of Senegalese believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.
The fertility rate ranged 5 to 5.3 between 2005 and 2013, with 4.1 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas, as official survey (6.4 in 1986 and 5.7 in 1997) point out.
According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 26% of women in Senegal have undergone female genital mutilation. ===Education=== Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution adopted in January 2001 guarantee access to education for all children.
By 2014, it had recovered its Free status. In 2008, Senegal finished in 12th position on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance.
In January 2014, a Russian trawler, Oleg Naydenov, was seized by Senegalese authorities close to the maritime border with Guinea-Bissau. === Energy === ==Demographics== Senegal has a population of around million, about 42 percent of whom live in rural areas.
The men's team performed better than that of any other African nation at the 2014 FIBA World Cup, where they reached the playoffs for the first time.
The presidential term was reduced from seven years to five. == Government and politics == Senegal is a republic with a presidency; the president is elected every five years as of 2016, previously being seven years from independence to 2001, five years from 2001 to 2008, and 7 years again from 2008 to 2016, by adult voters.
The most recent estimate, by the Association of Religion Data Archives in a 2005 report details the population of Senegalese Bahá'ís at 22,000. ===Health=== Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 66.8 years in 2016 (64.7 years male, 68.7 years female).
Senegal was one of the continent's pioneers in basketball as it established one of Africa's first competitive leagues. In 2016, the NBA announced the launch of an Elite's Academy in Africa, and more precisely in Senegal. The country hosted the Paris–Dakar rally from 1979 until 2007.
This peaceful and democratic transition was hailed by many foreign observers, such as the EU as a show of "maturity". On 19 September 2012, lawmakers voted to do away with the Senate to save an estimated $15 million. In August 2017, the ruling party won a landslide victory in the parliamentary election.
Infant mortality in Senegal was 157 per 1,000 live births in 1950., but since then it has declined five-fold to 32 per 1,000 in 2018.
Popular players for Senegal include El Hadji Diouf, Khalilou Fadiga, Henri Camara, Papa Bouba Diop, Salif Diao, Kalidou Koulibaly, Ferdinand Coly, and Sadio Mané, all of whom have played in Europe. Senegal qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, in Group H alongside Japan, Colombia, and Poland. Basketball is also a popular sport in Senegal.
President Macky Sall was re-elected in 2019 elections.
The current president is Macky Sall, elected in March 2012 and reelected in February 2019. Senegal has more than 80 political parties.
In 2019 president Macky Sall easily won re-election in the first round. ===Administrative divisions=== Senegal is subdivided into 14 regions, each administered by a Conseil Régional (Regional Council) elected by population weight at the Arrondissement level.
It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.11/10, ranking it 56th globally out of 172 countries. ===Climate=== Senegal has a tropical climate with pleasant heat throughout the year with well-defined dry and humid seasons that result from northeast winter winds and southwest summer winds.
In 2002 and 2019, the national team were runners-up at the Africa Cup of Nations and became one of only three African teams to ever reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup, defeating holders France in their first game.
When the country hosted the 2019 FIBA Women's AfroBasket, 15,000 fans flocked to the Dakar Arena which is registered as a record attendance for basketball in Africa.
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