The Silver Star Medal is awarded primarily to members of the United States Armed Forces for gallantry in action against an enemy of the United States. ==History== The Silver Star Medal (SSM) is the successor award to the "Citation Star" ( silver star) which was established by an Act of Congress on July 9, 1918, during World War I.
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was awarded seven SSMs for his service in France in World War I from February to November 1918 as a colonel and then brigadier general.
Averell Harriman and a military attaché presented the SSM to Soviet Red Army artillery officer Alexei Voloshin, who was the first to cross the Dnieper with his battery and was one of four junior Red Army officers who received the award. ===Female recipients=== Three Army nurses that served in World War I were cited in 1919 and 1920 with Citation Stars for gallantry in attending to the wounded while under artillery fire in July 1918.
2, 42nd Division, for gallantry in "giving aid to the wounded under heavy fire" in France on July 15, 1918 Linnie Leckrone – Shock Team No.
127, 32nd Division, for gallantry while "attending to the wounded during an artillery bombardment" in France on July 29, 1918 Irene Robar – Shock Team No.
127, 32nd Division, for gallantry while "attending to the wounded during an artillery bombardment" in France on July 29, 1918 An unknown number of servicewomen received the award in World War II.
Averell Harriman and a military attaché presented the SSM to Soviet Red Army artillery officer Alexei Voloshin, who was the first to cross the Dnieper with his battery and was one of four junior Red Army officers who received the award. ===Female recipients=== Three Army nurses that served in World War I were cited in 1919 and 1920 with Citation Stars for gallantry in attending to the wounded while under artillery fire in July 1918.
Averell Harriman and a military attaché presented the SSM to Soviet Red Army artillery officer Alexei Voloshin, who was the first to cross the Dnieper with his battery and was one of four junior Red Army officers who received the award. ===Female recipients=== Three Army nurses that served in World War I were cited in 1919 and 1920 with Citation Stars for gallantry in attending to the wounded while under artillery fire in July 1918.
The three nurses (Army nurses served without rank until 1920) were awarded the Silver Star Medal posthumously: Jane Rignel – Mobile Hospital No.
On July 19, 1932, the Secretary of War approved the conversion of the "Citation Star" to the SSM with the original "Citation Star" incorporated into the center of the medal. Authorization for the Silver Star Medal was placed into law by an Act of Congress for the U.S.
Zembiec == See also == List of Australian Silver Star recipients ==References== ==External links== Silver Star database at MilitaryTimes.com (Archive.org, not searchable) Military Times Hall of Valor (Searchable) Awards and Decorations Air Force Personnel Center Awards established in 1932 Courage awards Military awards and decorations of the United States
Navy on August 7, 1942, and an Act of Congress for the U.S.
Army on December 15, 1942.
In the fall of 1944, President Roosevelt's close adviser Harry Hopkins, the U.S.
Four Army nurses serving in Italy during the war—First Lieutenant Mary Roberts, Second Lieutenant Elaine Roe, Second Lieutenant Rita Virginia Rourke, and Second Lieutenant Ellen Ainsworth (posthumous)—became the first women recipients of the Silver Star, all cited for their bravery in evacuating the 33rd Field Hospital at Anzio on February 10, 1944.
Russell, a civilian Vought F4U Corsair technical support engineer attached to a Marine Corps fighter wing, received the SSM for his actions aboard after the carrier was attacked by a Japanese dive bomber in March 1945.
Foery Ronald Fogleman Mayhew Foster Guy Gabaldon (upgraded to the Navy Cross, 1960) Francis Gambacorta James M.
In 2007, it was discovered that they had never been awarded their Citation Stars.
Duran (upgraded to the Medal of Honor, 2014) Charles Durning Graves B.
Since 21 December 2016, the Department of Defense (DoD) refers to the decoration as the "Silver Star Medal". ==Award criteria== The Silver Star Medal is awarded for gallantry, so long as the action does not justify the award of one of the next higher valor awards: the Distinguished Service Cross, the Navy Cross, the Air Force Cross, or the Coast Guard Cross.
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