Wars and Peace Treaties, 1816–1991.
Fearful that Israeli soldiers would exact retribution for the 1929 massacre of the city's Jewish community, Hebron's residents flew white sheets from their windows and rooftops, and voluntarily gave up their weapons.
Phoenix over the Nile: A history of Egyptian Air Power 1932–1994.
Middle East Conflicts: From 1945 to the Present.
Key Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946–1996.
Arab–Israeli Air Wars 1947–1982.
Israel's Wars, 1947–1993.
Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947.
The Six-Day War (מִלְחֶמֶת שֵׁשֶׁת הַיָּמִים, Milhemet Sheshet HaYamim; لنكسة|link=no, an-Naksah, "The Setback" or حرب 1967, Ḥarb 1967, "War of 1967"), also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between 5 and 10 June 1967 between Israel and Jordan, Syria, and Egypt. Relations between Israel and its neighbours were not normalised after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
For the first time since 1948, Jews could visit the Old City of Jerusalem and pray at the Western Wall, the holiest site where Jews are permitted to pray, an event celebrated every year during Yom Yerushalayim.
The war gave impetus to a Chabad campaign in which the Lubavitcher Rebbe directed his followers to put tefillin on Jewish men around world. === Jews in Arab countries === In the Arab nations, populations of minority Jews faced persecution and expulsion following the Israeli victory, contributing to the ongoing Jewish exodus from Arab lands, which had been ongoing since 1948.
Lenczowski 1990, pp. 105–15, Citing Moshe Dayan, Story of My Life, and Nadav Safran, From War to War: The Arab–Israeli Confrontation, 1948–1967, p. 375 Israel clearly did not want the US government to know too much about its dispositions for attacking Syria, initially planned for June 8, but postponed for 24 hours.
Militarization and State Power in the Arab–Israeli Conflict: Case Study of Israel, 1948–1982.
Across the Arab world, Jewish minority communities fled or were expelled, with refugees going mainly to Israel. == Background == After the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.
Under Jordanian rule, Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and were effectively barred from visiting the Western Wall, despite Article VIII of the 1949 Armistice Agreement demanded Israeli Jewish access to the Western Wall.
Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956.
In 1956 Israel invaded the Sinai peninsula in Egypt, with one of its objectives being the reopening of the Straits of Tiran that Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950.
Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.–Israeli Relations, 1953–1960, University Press of Florida.
In 1956 Israel invaded the Sinai peninsula in Egypt, with one of its objectives being the reopening of the Straits of Tiran that Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950.
Across the Arab world, Jewish minority communities fled or were expelled, with refugees going mainly to Israel. == Background == After the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.
"Reassessing Israel's Road to Sinai/Suez, 1956: A "Trialogue"".
Israel repeated declarations it had made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war, or justification for war, but Nasser closed the Straits to Israeli shipping on 22–23 May.
Many of them returned to their countries of origin after a few years; one survey found that 58% of American Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1961 and 1972 returned to the US.
The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964.
Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964–1967: The Coming of the Six-Day War.
An advantage Israel possessed was the excellent intelligence collected by Mossad operative Eli Cohen (who was captured and executed in Syria in 1965) regarding the Syrian battle positions.
The Road to the Six Day War: Towards an Enumerative History of Four Arab States and Israel, 1965–67.
In early November 1966, Syria signed a mutual defence agreement with Egypt.
The Six-Day War (מִלְחֶמֶת שֵׁשֶׁת הַיָּמִים, Milhemet Sheshet HaYamim; لنكسة|link=no, an-Naksah, "The Setback" or حرب 1967, Ḥarb 1967, "War of 1967"), also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between 5 and 10 June 1967 between Israel and Jordan, Syria, and Egypt. Relations between Israel and its neighbours were not normalised after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
A United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was deployed along the border, but there was no demilitarisation agreement. In the months prior to June 1967, tensions became dangerously heightened.
King Hussein of Jordan criticized Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser for failing to come to Jordan's aid, and "hiding behind UNEF skirts". In May 1967, Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border.
The Israelis chose not to risk attacking the Egyptian defences head-on, and instead surprised them from an unexpected direction. James Reston, writing in The New York Times on 23 May 1967, noted, "In discipline, training, morale, equipment and general competence his [Nasser's] army and the other Arab forces, without the direct assistance of the Soviet Union, are no match for the Israelis.
He also credited several factors for Israel's success: Egypt did not appreciate the advantage of striking first and their adversaries did not accurately gauge Israel's strength and its willingness to use it. In Egypt, according to Heikal, Nasser had admitted his responsibility for the military defeat in June 1967.
According to historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan, Nasser's mistaken decisions to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 led to a state of war with Israel, despite Egypt's lack of military preparedness. After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Egypt reviewed the causes of its loss of the 1967 war.
Many of these allegations and conspiracy theories have been disputed and it has been claimed that some were given currency in the Arab world to explain the Arab defeat. It has also been claimed that the Soviet Union, in support of its Arab allies, used its naval strength in the Mediterranean to act as a major restraint on the US Navy. America features prominently in Arab conspiracy theories purporting to explain the June 1967 defeat.
Others however, including the then United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Chief of Naval Operations at the time, Admiral Thomas Moorer, some survivors of the attack and intelligence officials familiar with transcripts of intercepted signals on the day, have rejected these conclusions as unsatisfactory and maintain that the attack was made in the knowledge that the ship was American. == Aftermath == The political importance of the 1967 War was immense.
Israel allowed only the inhabitants of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights to receive full Israeli citizenship, applying its law, administration and jurisdiction to these territories in 1967 and 1981, respectively.
Chapter 14, "Six Days to Victory" is reproduced online as The 1967 Six-Day War.
Ben-Gurion diary: May–June 1967.
Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East.
The Albatross of Decisive Victory: War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli Wars.
Islamists and the "Problem of Israel": The 1967 Awakening.
Six Days in June: How Israel Won the 1967 Arab–Israeli War.
Herbert, Nicholas (17 May 1967).
The Six-Day War (June 1967). "Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in '67 War; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in '67 War; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up", The Washington Post, 17 August 1995, p. A.30 (fee required). James, Laura (2005).
The Revelations of 1967: New Research on the Six Day War and Its Lessons for the Contemporary Middle East, Israel Studies, volume 10, number 2.
Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab–Israeli Conflict Since 1967.
Getting It Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Vol.
. Shlaim, Avi (2007) Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Vintage Books Shlaim, Avi; Louis, William Roger (13 February 2012), The 1967 Arab–Israeli War: Origins and Consequences, Cambridge University Press Stein, Janice Gross.
The Arab-Israeli War of 1967: Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation, in Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management, Alexander L.
1347 Security Council MEETING : June 5, 1967.
Liberty Incident: The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S.
Analysis of the war and its aftermath, on the 50th anniversary of the June 1967 war (3 parts, each about 30 min) Gat, Moshe (2003).
Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East.
== External links == The Photograph: A Search for June 1967.
Retrieved 22 July 2014. Legal Aspects The Six Day War – June 1967 and Its Aftermath – Professor Gerald Adler General Uzi Narkiss – A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on 7 June – one day after the Six-Day War, describing the battle for Jerusalem Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces – Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, 7 June 1967 How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor.
Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) Journal Volume 7, Number 3 (September 2003) Position of Arab forces May 1967.
Retrieved 22 July 2014. 1967 in Egypt 1967 in Israel 1967 in Jordan 1967 in Syria 1967 in the Israeli Military Governorate Arab–Israeli conflict Articles containing video clips Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1967 Invasions by Israel Invasions of Syria Invasions of Egypt June 1967 events in Asia Six-day events Wars involving Egypt Wars involving Israel Wars involving Jordan Wars involving Syria June 1967 events in Africa
Some 11,200 Jews from Poland immigrated to Israel during the 1968 Polish political crisis and the following year. === War of Attrition === Following the war, Egypt initiated clashes along the Suez Canal in what became known as the War of Attrition. === Palestinian terrorism === Due to Israel's defeat of Arab armies, the Palestinian leadership came to the conclusion that the Arab world was unable to challenge Israel militarily in open warfare.
From 1970 to 1988, some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas, of whom 165,000 immigrated to Israel and 126,000 immigrated to the United States.
Many of them returned to their countries of origin after a few years; one survey found that 58% of American Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1961 and 1972 returned to the US.
This led to a series of aircraft hijackings, bombings and kidnappings which culminated in the killings of Israeli athletes during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games. === Peace and diplomacy === Following the war, Israel made an offer for peace that included the return of most of the recently captured territories.
The speed and ease of Israel's victory would later lead to a dangerous overconfidence within the ranks of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), contributing to initial Arab successes in the subsequent 1973 Yom Kippur War, although ultimately Israeli forces were successful and defeated the Arab militaries.
According to historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan, Nasser's mistaken decisions to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 led to a state of war with Israel, despite Egypt's lack of military preparedness. After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Egypt reviewed the causes of its loss of the 1967 war.
Egypt and Syria learned tactical lessons and would launch an attack in 1973 in an attempt to reclaim their lost territory. After following other Arab nations in declaring war, Mauritania remained in a declared state of war with Israel until about 1999.
The Albatross of Decisive Victory: War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli Wars.
Resolution 242 recognized the right of "every state in the area to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force." Israel returned the Sinai to Egypt in 1978, after the Camp David Accords.
According to more recent research by the Israeli daily Haaretz, a total of 130,000 Syrian inhabitants fled or were expelled from the territory, most of them pushed out by the Israeli army. === Long term === Israel made peace with Egypt following the Camp David Accords of 1978 and completed a staged withdrawal from the Sinai in 1982.
Israel allowed only the inhabitants of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights to receive full Israeli citizenship, applying its law, administration and jurisdiction to these territories in 1967 and 1981, respectively.
According to more recent research by the Israeli daily Haaretz, a total of 130,000 Syrian inhabitants fled or were expelled from the territory, most of them pushed out by the Israeli army. === Long term === Israel made peace with Egypt following the Camp David Accords of 1978 and completed a staged withdrawal from the Sinai in 1982.
accepted the explanation that the incident was friendly fire and the issue was closed by the exchange of diplomatic notes in 1987.
From 1970 to 1988, some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas, of whom 165,000 immigrated to Israel and 126,000 immigrated to the United States.
Bailey 1990, p. 225. [At Security Council meeting of 5 June], both Israel and Egypt claimed to be repelling an invasion by the other.
Bailey 1990, p. 225. "Egyptian sources claimed that Israel had initiated hostilities [...] but Israeli officials – Eban and Evron – swore that Egypt had fired first" Oren 2002, p. 196. "Gideon Rafael phoned Danish ambassador Hans Tabor, Security Council president for the month of June, and informed him that Israel was responding to a 'cowardly and treacherous' attack from Egypt..." Oren, p. 198. 4.
Lenczowski 1990, pp. 105–15, Citing Moshe Dayan, Story of My Life, and Nadav Safran, From War to War: The Arab–Israeli Confrontation, 1948–1967, p. 375 Israel clearly did not want the US government to know too much about its dispositions for attacking Syria, initially planned for June 8, but postponed for 24 hours.
Developments in the Middle East Peace Process 1991–2000 London: International Affairs and Defence Section, House of Commons Library.
McNamara Oral History, Special Interview I, 26 March 1993, by Robert Dallek, Internet Copy, LBJ Library.
Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty in 1994. After the Israeli occupation of these territories, the Gush Emunim movement launched a large settlement effort in these areas to secure a permanent foothold.
The Six-Day War (June 1967). "Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in '67 War; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in '67 War; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up", The Washington Post, 17 August 1995, p. A.30 (fee required). James, Laura (2005).
Retrieved 17 July 2010. The status of Jerusalem, United Nations, New York, 1997 (Prepared for, and under the guidance of, the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People) Status of Jerusalem: Legal Aspects.
Egypt and Syria learned tactical lessons and would launch an attack in 1973 in an attempt to reclaim their lost territory. After following other Arab nations in declaring war, Mauritania remained in a declared state of war with Israel until about 1999.
The Israel-Syria Track, Middle East Policy, Volume VI, February 1999, Number 3.
Bailey 1990, p. 225. "Egyptian sources claimed that Israel had initiated hostilities [...] but Israeli officials – Eban and Evron – swore that Egypt had fired first" Oren 2002, p. 196. "Gideon Rafael phoned Danish ambassador Hans Tabor, Security Council president for the month of June, and informed him that Israel was responding to a 'cowardly and treacherous' attack from Egypt..." Oren, p. 198. 4.
Oren, Michael (April 2002).
Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) Journal Volume 7, Number 3 (September 2003) Position of Arab forces May 1967.
In the summer of 2005, Israel withdrew all military forces and evacuated all civilians from the Gaza Strip.
The Israeli settlements in Gaza were evacuated in August 2005 as a part of Israel's disengagement from Gaza. == See also == Abba Eban, Israeli Foreign Minister Hafez al-Assad, Syrian Defense Minister Catch 67, a 2017 Israeli philosophy book on the West Bank occupation that launched a public dialogue on the war's 50th anniversary Israeli MIAs Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet leader List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Robert McNamara, U.S.
Retrieved 30 September 2006. Hammel, Eric (1992).
(1976, 2007) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time.
Retrieved 20 July 2010. Mansour, Camille.
Retrieved 17 July 2010. The three soldiers – background to that photograph Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline Six-Day War Encyclopaedia of the Orient All State Department documents related to the crisis Letters from David Ben-Gurion on the Six-Day War Shapell Manuscript Foundation UN Resolution 242.
Retrieved 17 July 2010. The status of Jerusalem, United Nations, New York, 1997 (Prepared for, and under the guidance of, the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People) Status of Jerusalem: Legal Aspects.
. Shlaim, Avi (2007) Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Vintage Books Shlaim, Avi; Louis, William Roger (13 February 2012), The 1967 Arab–Israeli War: Origins and Consequences, Cambridge University Press Stein, Janice Gross.
Retrieved 22 July 2014. Legal Aspects The Six Day War – June 1967 and Its Aftermath – Professor Gerald Adler General Uzi Narkiss – A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on 7 June – one day after the Six-Day War, describing the battle for Jerusalem Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces – Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, 7 June 1967 How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor.
Retrieved 22 July 2014. 1967 in Egypt 1967 in Israel 1967 in Jordan 1967 in Syria 1967 in the Israeli Military Governorate Arab–Israeli conflict Articles containing video clips Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1967 Invasions by Israel Invasions of Syria Invasions of Egypt June 1967 events in Asia Six-day events Wars involving Egypt Wars involving Israel Wars involving Jordan Wars involving Syria June 1967 events in Africa
The Israeli settlements in Gaza were evacuated in August 2005 as a part of Israel's disengagement from Gaza. == See also == Abba Eban, Israeli Foreign Minister Hafez al-Assad, Syrian Defense Minister Catch 67, a 2017 Israeli philosophy book on the West Bank occupation that launched a public dialogue on the war's 50th anniversary Israeli MIAs Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet leader List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Robert McNamara, U.S.
link |date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} Transcript, Robert S.
Finkelstein, Norman (June 2017).
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