of New York. In 1881, the U.S.
The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891, and was produced by Keuffel and Esser Co.
For example, the John Rabone & Sons 1892 catalog lists a "Measuring Tape and Cattle Gauge", a device to estimate the weight of a cow from its measurements. There were many specialized slide rules for photographic applications; for example, the actinograph of Hurter and Driffield was a two-slide boxwood, brass, and cardboard device for estimating exposure from time of day, time of year, and latitude. Specialized slide rules were invented for various forms of engineering, business and banking.
At least one high precision instrument was made of steel. In 1895, a Japanese firm, Hemmi, started to make slide rules from bamboo, which had the advantages of being dimensionally stable, strong, and naturally self-lubricating.
It had a microscope attached, giving it accuracy to six decimal places.. In the 1920s, the novelist and engineer Nevil Shute Norway (he called his autobiography Slide Rule) was Chief Calculator on the design of the British R100 airship for Vickers Ltd.
This is a circular slide rule first created in the 1930s for aircraft pilots to help with dead reckoning.
After months of labour filling perhaps fifty foolscap sheets with calculations the truth stood revealed’ (and) produced a satisfaction almost amounting to a religious experience. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the slide rule was the symbol of the engineer's profession in the same way the stethoscope is that of the medical profession. German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun bought two Nestler slide rules in the 1930s.
These bamboo slide rules were introduced in Sweden in September, 1933, and probably only a little earlier in Germany.
The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as computers were being gradually introduced; but around 1974 the handheld electronic scientific calculator made them largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business. ==Basic concepts== In its most basic form, the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers.
After months of labour filling perhaps fifty foolscap sheets with calculations the truth stood revealed’ (and) produced a satisfaction almost amounting to a religious experience. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the slide rule was the symbol of the engineer's profession in the same way the stethoscope is that of the medical profession. German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun bought two Nestler slide rules in the 1930s.
===Decline=== The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers, a new but rare resource in the 1950s, became more widely available to technical workers during the 1960s. Another step away from slide rules was the introduction of relatively inexpensive electronic desktop scientific calculators.
The Keuffel and Esser rules from the period up to about 1950 are particularly problematic, because the end-pieces on the cursors, made of celluloid, tend to chemically break down over time. There are still a handful of sources for brand new slide rules.
They are not as common since the advent of computerized layout, but In 1952, Swiss watch company Breitling introduced a pilot's wristwatch with an integrated circular slide rule specialized for flight calculations: the Breitling Navitimer.
The Concise Company of Tokyo, which began as a manufacturer of circular slide rules in July 1954, continues to make and sell them today.
The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as computers were being gradually introduced; but around 1974 the handheld electronic scientific calculator made them largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business. ==Basic concepts== In its most basic form, the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers.
After months of labour filling perhaps fifty foolscap sheets with calculations the truth stood revealed’ (and) produced a satisfaction almost amounting to a religious experience. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the slide rule was the symbol of the engineer's profession in the same way the stethoscope is that of the medical profession. German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun bought two Nestler slide rules in the 1930s.
===Decline=== The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers, a new but rare resource in the 1950s, became more widely available to technical workers during the 1960s. Another step away from slide rules was the introduction of relatively inexpensive electronic desktop scientific calculators.
The process was invented to calculate range, fuel use and altitude for aircraft, and then adapted to many other purposes. The E6-B is a circular slide rule used by pilots and navigators. Circular slide rules to estimate ovulation dates and fertility are known as wheel calculators. A Department of Defense publication from 1962 infamously included a special-purpose circular slide rule for calculating blast effects, overpressure, and radiation exposure from a given yield of an atomic bomb.
The first included the Wang Laboratories LOCI-2, introduced in 1965, which used logarithms for multiplication and division; and the Hewlett-Packard HP 9100A, introduced in 1968.
The first included the Wang Laboratories LOCI-2, introduced in 1965, which used logarithms for multiplication and division; and the Hewlett-Packard HP 9100A, introduced in 1968.
He used his two Nestlers while heading the NASA program that landed a man on the moon in July 1969. Aluminium Pickett-brand slide rules were carried on Project Apollo space missions.
Around 1970, an inexpensive model from B.
The model N600-ES taken along on Apollo 13 in 1970 is owned by the National Air and Space Museum. Some engineering students and engineers carried ten-inch slide rules in belt holsters, a common sight on campuses even into the mid-1970s.
This method facilitated the development of ever smaller scientific calculators. As with mainframe computing, the availability of these machines did not significantly affect the ubiquitous use of the slide rule until cheap hand held scientific electronic calculators became available in the mid-1970s, at which point, it rapidly declined. The pocket-sized Hewlett-Packard HP-35 scientific calculator was the first handheld device of its type, but it cost US$395 in 1972.
The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as computers were being gradually introduced; but around 1974 the handheld electronic scientific calculator made them largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business. ==Basic concepts== In its most basic form, the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers.
The Citizen Skyhawk AT and the Seiko Flightmaster SNA411 are two notable examples. ==Contemporary usage== Even in the 2000s, some people preferred a slide rule over an electronic calculator as a practical computing device.
Until the advent of the pocket digital calculator, students also might keep a ten- or twenty-inch rule for precision work at home or the office while carrying a five-inch pocket slide rule around with them. In 2004, education researchers David B.
The Keuffel and Esser Company slide rule collection, from the slide rule manufacturer formerly located in Brooklyn, New York, was donated to MIT around 2005.
The model N600-ES owned by Buzz Aldrin that flew with him to the moon on Apollo 11 was sold at auction in 2007.
In September 2009, on-line retailer ThinkGeek introduced its own brand of straight slide rules, described as "faithful replica[s]" that are "individually hand tooled".
These are no longer available in 2012.
In addition, Faber-Castell had a number of slide rules in inventory, available for international purchase through their web store, until mid 2018.
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