Voeux's paper, in a column in the 3 July 1880, Santa Cruz Weekly Sentinel.
On 17 December 1881, in the publication Sporting Times, the author claims to have invented the word: "The 'Smog' - a word I have invented, combined of smoke and fog, to designate the London atmosphere..." ==Causes== ===Coal=== Coal fire can emit significant clouds of smoke that contribute to the formation of winter smog.
Henry Antoine Des Voeux in his 1905 paper, "Fog and Smoke" for a meeting of the Public Health Congress.
The 26 July 1905 edition of the London newspaper Daily Graphic quoted Des Voeux, "He said it required no science to see that there was something produced in great cities which was not found in the country, and that was smoky fog, or what was known as 'smog'." The following day the newspaper stated that "Dr.
Smog caused by traffic pollution, however, does still occur in modern London. ====Other areas==== Other areas of the United Kingdom were affected by smog, especially heavily industrialised areas. The cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, in Scotland, suffered smoke-laden fogs in 1909.
public in 1933 with the publication of the book "Stop That Smoke", by Henry Obermeyer, a New York public utility official, in which he pointed out the effect on human life and even the destruction of of a farmer's spinach crop.
==== 26 July 1943, Los Angeles, California: A smog so sudden and severe that "Los Angeles residents believe the Japanese are attacking them with chemical warfare." 30-31 October 1948, Donora, Pennsylvania: 20 died, 600 hospitalized, thousands more stricken.
In 1948, flavor chemist Arie Haagen-Smit adapted some of his equipment to collect chemicals from polluted air, and identified ozone as a component of Los Angeles smog.
==== 26 July 1943, Los Angeles, California: A smog so sudden and severe that "Los Angeles residents believe the Japanese are attacking them with chemical warfare." 30-31 October 1948, Donora, Pennsylvania: 20 died, 600 hospitalized, thousands more stricken.
Because it travels with the wind, it can affect sparsely populated areas as well. The composition and chemical reactions involved in photochemical smog were not understood until the 1950s.
A notable exception to the restoration trend was 10 Downing Street, whose bricks upon cleaning in the late 1950s proved to be naturally yellow; the smog-derived black color of the façade was considered so iconic that the bricks were painted black to preserve the image.
Lawsuits were not settled until 1951. 24 November 1966, New York City, New York: Smog kills at least 169 people. === Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia === In the late 1990s, massive immigration to Ulaanbaatar from the countryside began.
Haagen-Smit worked with Arnold Beckman, who developed various equipment for detecting smog, ranging from an "Apparatus for recording gas concentrations in the atmosphere" patented on 7 October 1952, to "air quality monitoring vans" for use by government and industry. === Formation and reactions === During the morning rush hour, a high concentration of nitric oxide and hydrocarbons are emitted to the atmosphere, mostly via on-road traffic but also from industrial sources.
An experiment was carried out using intense air pollution similar to that of the 1952 Great Smog of London.
The Great Smog of 1952 darkened the streets of London and killed approximately 4,000 people in the short time of four days (a further 8,000 died from its effects in the following weeks and months).
Initially, a flu epidemic was blamed for the loss of life. In 1956 the Clean Air Act started legally enforcing smokeless zones in the capital.
For example, air concentrations of volatile organic compounds declined by a factor of 50 between 1962 and 2012.
"Trees are a natural source of VOCs"(volatile organic compounds) The New York Times reported about "terpenes emitted from the trees" as far back as 1964. == Health effects == Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.
Lawsuits were not settled until 1951. 24 November 1966, New York City, New York: Smog kills at least 169 people. === Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia === In the late 1990s, massive immigration to Ulaanbaatar from the countryside began.
In 1970, when the Clean Air Act was passed, Los Angeles was the most polluted basin in the country, and California was unable to create a State Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards.
These reactions produce hydroperoxides which increase ozone formation. ====""==== In 1979, American presidential candidate Ronald Reagan "said that trees produce smog." and the EPA confirmed this in 1999.
A more recent example was the Palace of Westminster, which was cleaned in the 1980s.
Lawsuits were not settled until 1951. 24 November 1966, New York City, New York: Smog kills at least 169 people. === Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia === In the late 1990s, massive immigration to Ulaanbaatar from the countryside began.
In 1996, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998.
According to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution. Environmentalists have criticized the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues.
In 1996, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998.
These reactions produce hydroperoxides which increase ozone formation. ====""==== In 1979, American presidential candidate Ronald Reagan "said that trees produce smog." and the EPA confirmed this in 1999.
In 2003, Delhi won the United States Department of Energy's first 'Clean Cities International Partner of the Year' award for its "bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives".
Other aggravates of the situation reside in its high latitude (31 degrees South) and dry weather during most of the year. === Tehran, Iran === In December 2005, schools and public offices had to close in Tehran and 1600 people were taken to hospital, in a severe smog blamed largely on unfiltered car exhaust. === United States === Smog was brought to the attention of the general U.S.
The state government of adjoining Uttar Pradesh is considering imposing a ban on crop burning to reduce pollution in Delhi NCR and an environmental panel has appealed to India's Supreme Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars. === Beijing, China === Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city's pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces.
At two to 10 times above Mongolian and international air quality standards, Ulaanbaatar's PM rates are among the worst in the world, according to a December 2009 World Bank report.
One study, published in Nature magazine, found that smog episodes in the city of Jinan, a large city in eastern China, during 2011–15, were associated with a 5.87% (95% CI 0.16–11.58%) increase in the rate of overall mortality.
It often stays for an extended period of time over densely populated cities or urban areas and can build up to dangerous levels. === Canada === According to the Canadian Science Smog Assessment published in 2012, smog is responsible for detrimental effects on human and ecosystem health, as well as socioeconomic well-being across the country.
For example, air concentrations of volatile organic compounds declined by a factor of 50 between 1962 and 2012.
One prominent example for this was China's Northeastern city of Harbin in 2013. ===Transportation emissions=== Traffic emissions – such as from trucks, buses, and automobiles– also contribute to the formation of smog.
During 2013–14, peak levels of fine particulate matter (PM) in Delhi increased by about 44%, primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction work and crop burning in adjoining states.
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