South African Republic

1849

By 1896, the language of government and citizens remained Dutch but in many market places, shops and homes the English language was spoken. == Military history == === War with Mapela and Makapaan, 1854 === Hendrik Potgieter was elected at the assembly of 1849 as commandant general for life and it became necessary, to avoid strife, to appoint three commandants general all possessing equal powers.

1852

== History == === Establishment === The South African Republic came into existence on 17 January 1852, when the British signed the Sand River Convention treaty with about 40,000 Boer people, recognising their independence in the region to the north of the Vaal River. The first president of the ZAR was Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, elected in 1857, son of Boer leader Andries Pretorius, who commanded the Boers to victory at the Battle of Blood River.

On 16 December 1852, Commandant General Potgieter died and his son, Piet, was appointed in his stead as commandant general of the Lydenburg and Zoutpansberg districts. There were some disputes over cattle which Mapela was raising on behalf of Potgieter and earlier Commandant Scholtz had confiscated a large number of rifles and amounts of ammunition, rifle repair equipment and materials of war from the home of English missionary, The Rev Mr Livingstone.

Livingstone admitted to storing these for Secheli and by this he was acting in breach of the Sand River Convention of 1852, which prescribed that neither arms nor ammunition should be supplied to the natives. In 1853, Herman Potgieter was called to Mapela to come and cull the elephant population. When Herman arrived, Maphela took Herman, his son, his groom and a few other burghers to show them where the elephants were.

The Vierkleur was later incorporated into the flag of South Africa between 1928 and 1994. ==Books and articles== == Notes == == References == == External links == 19th century in South Africa 1856 establishments in South Africa 1902 disestablishments in South Africa Former republics States and territories established in 1852 States and territories disestablished in 1902 South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations

1853

During World War I, there was an attempt at resurrecting the republic in the Maritz rebellion. The land area that was once the ZAR now comprises all or most of the provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North West in the northeastern portion of the modern-day Republic of South Africa. == Name and etymology == In 1853 the Volksraad adopted a resolution briefly adopting the name of the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek| (South African Republic).

Livingstone admitted to storing these for Secheli and by this he was acting in breach of the Sand River Convention of 1852, which prescribed that neither arms nor ammunition should be supplied to the natives. In 1853, Herman Potgieter was called to Mapela to come and cull the elephant population. When Herman arrived, Maphela took Herman, his son, his groom and a few other burghers to show them where the elephants were.

1854

By 1896, the language of government and citizens remained Dutch but in many market places, shops and homes the English language was spoken. == Military history == === War with Mapela and Makapaan, 1854 === Hendrik Potgieter was elected at the assembly of 1849 as commandant general for life and it became necessary, to avoid strife, to appoint three commandants general all possessing equal powers.

1855

Under a law of 1855, only white people were permitted to be citizens of the ZAR and to own land.

1857

== History == === Establishment === The South African Republic came into existence on 17 January 1852, when the British signed the Sand River Convention treaty with about 40,000 Boer people, recognising their independence in the region to the north of the Vaal River. The first president of the ZAR was Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, elected in 1857, son of Boer leader Andries Pretorius, who commanded the Boers to victory at the Battle of Blood River.

1858

In 1858, the constitution permanently established the name of the country as the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek.

In 1858, these clauses were altered in the constitution to allow for the Volksraad to approve other Dutch Christian churches.

The Reformed Church was approved by the Volksraad in 1858, which had the effect of allowing Paul Kruger, of the Gereformeerde Kerk to remain a citizen of the ZAR.

Mapela and his soldiers escaped and with their rifles and ammunition intact and Mapela was only captured much later, in 1858. === Civil War, 1861–1864 === Commandant-General Stephanus Schoeman did not accept the Volksraad proclamation of 20 September 1858, under which members of the Reformed Churches of South Africa would be entitled to citizenship of the ZAR.

1859

On 3 November 1884 the country signed a postal convention with the government of the Cape Colony and later a similar convention with the Orange Free State. In November 1859, the independent Republics of Lijdenburg and Utrecht merged with the ZAR.

1861

Mapela and his soldiers escaped and with their rifles and ammunition intact and Mapela was only captured much later, in 1858. === Civil War, 1861–1864 === Commandant-General Stephanus Schoeman did not accept the Volksraad proclamation of 20 September 1858, under which members of the Reformed Churches of South Africa would be entitled to citizenship of the ZAR.

1876

Acting President van Rensburg called a special meeting of the general council of the Dutch Reformed Church, which then voted in a special resolution to allow members of the Reformed Church access to the franchise. === Sekhukune War, 1876 === In 1876, a war between the ZAR and the Bapedi broke out over cattle theft and land encroachment.

The Volksraad declared war on the Pedi leader, Sekhukune, on 16 May 1876.

The war only began in July 1876.

The Swazis joined the war to aid Mampuru, who was ousted from his position of chieftain by Sekhukune. One of the early battles occurred at Botsabelo Mission Station on 13 July 1876, against Johannes Dinkwanyane, who was Sekhukune's brother.

1877

Dinkwanyane's followers also surrendered after this campaign. === First Boer War, 1880–1881 === On 12 April 1877, the British issued the "Annexation of the S.

1880

With the threat of Sekhukhune removed, the burghers were no longer so amenable to British rule. On 13 December 1880, the members of the last Volksraad were summoned to a meeting at Paardekraal, where authority was placed in the hands of a triumvirate comprising Paul Kruger, Piet Joubert and Marthinus W.

Dinkwanyane's followers also surrendered after this campaign. === First Boer War, 1880–1881 === On 12 April 1877, the British issued the "Annexation of the S.

This did not have any effect, and the First Boer War formally broke out on 20 December 1880.

1881

The British garrisons in the Transvaal were besieged, but only one fell to the republicans. The British suffered defeat at Laing's Nek and Ingogo, and on 27 February 1881, at Majuba, where General Sir George Pomeroy Colley fell at the head of his troops.

The Pretoria Convention of 1881 was signed on 3 August 1881 and ratified on 25 October 1881 by the ZAR, where the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek is referred to by the name "Transvaal Territory".

The Pretoria Convention of 1881 was superseded in 1884 by the London Convention, and in which the British suzerainty over the South African Republic, was relinquished. The British Government, in the London Convention, accepted the name of the country as the South African Republic.

Malboch refused to pay taxes to the Transvaal after it was given back to the Boers in 1881 by the British, which resulted in a military drive against him by the South African Republic (ZAR). === Second Boer War, 1899–1902 === The British first attacked the ZAR with the December 1895 Jameson Raid, which ended in failure.

1882

After double-checking Commandant Kruger's Bible, President Boshoff commuted the sentences to lashes with a sjambok. === Citizenship === Citizenship of the ZAR was legislated by the constitution as well as Law No 7 of 1882, as amended on 23 June 1890.

1884

Britain now referred to the territory as the Transvaal State, but the Volksraad regarded the old South African Republic as having been restored. === Independence === The ZAR became fully independent on 27 February 1884, when the London Convention was signed.

On 3 November 1884 the country signed a postal convention with the government of the Cape Colony and later a similar convention with the Orange Free State. In November 1859, the independent Republics of Lijdenburg and Utrecht merged with the ZAR.

The Pretoria Convention of 1881 was superseded in 1884 by the London Convention, and in which the British suzerainty over the South African Republic, was relinquished. The British Government, in the London Convention, accepted the name of the country as the South African Republic.

The convention was signed in duplicate in London on 27 February 1884, by Hercules Robinson, Paul Kruger, Stephanus Jacobus du Toit and Nicolaas Smit, and later ratified by the South African Republic Volksraad.

1885

The discovery of gold in 1885 led to a major influx of foreigners.

In 1885, rich gold reefs were discovered.

1886

By 1915, the rebellion had failed, and the ringleaders received heavy fines and terms of imprisonment. == Economy and transport == The discovery of gold during the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886 changed the economic fortunes of the formerly impoverished ZAR.

1887

On 9 May 1887, burghers from the territories of Stellaland and Goosen (sometimes referred to as "Goshen") were granted rights to the ZAR franchise.

Following British diplomatic pressure, Law Number 3 was amended by the volksraad in 1887 to allow the "Asiatics" the right to own fixed property, through not land, and the entry fee was lowered to £3.

1888

On 30 July 1888, Dutch language was declared the sole official language, in court as well as education, trade and general use.

1890

After double-checking Commandant Kruger's Bible, President Boshoff commuted the sentences to lashes with a sjambok. === Citizenship === Citizenship of the ZAR was legislated by the constitution as well as Law No 7 of 1882, as amended on 23 June 1890.

This proclamation, No 224, also changed Law No 7 with regard to voting. All citizens who were born in the ZAR or had obtained their franchise prior to 23 June 1890 would have the right to vote for both the first and second Volksraad and in all other elections.

Citizens who obtained their franchise through naturalization after 23 June 1890 would be able to vote in all elections, except those for the first Volksraad.

The total population of the republic in 1890 was an estimated 120,000 people. ==Military== In common with the Orange Free State, the basis of the military of the ZAR was the kommando system under which all able-bodied burghers could be called up for military service under their own elected officers.

1893

On 20 September 1893 the ZAR Constitution was amended so that two-thirds of the Volksraad would have to agree to changes to the citizenship law.

1894

By 1897, immigrants had invested over 300,000,000 British Pounds in the ZAR goldfields. === Malaboch War, 1894 === The Malaboch War was between Chief Malaboch (Mmaleboho, Mmaleboxo) of the Bahananwa (Xananwa) people and the South African Republic (ZAR) Government led by Commandant-General Piet Joubert.

1895

On 25 July 1895 the burghers that took part in the battle at Zoutpansberg, were granted citizenship of the ZAR. == Constitution and laws == The constitution of the ZAR was legally interesting for its time.

On 1 October 1895 Alfred Fernandez Harington was appointed English master at the Staats Model School in Pretoria.

Malboch refused to pay taxes to the Transvaal after it was given back to the Boers in 1881 by the British, which resulted in a military drive against him by the South African Republic (ZAR). === Second Boer War, 1899–1902 === The British first attacked the ZAR with the December 1895 Jameson Raid, which ended in failure.

1896

By 1896, the language of government and citizens remained Dutch but in many market places, shops and homes the English language was spoken. == Military history == === War with Mapela and Makapaan, 1854 === Hendrik Potgieter was elected at the assembly of 1849 as commandant general for life and it became necessary, to avoid strife, to appoint three commandants general all possessing equal powers.

1897

Also established were municipal government, the Witwatersrand District Court and the High Court of Transvaal. ===Demographics=== The State Almanac for 1897 states that the total white population was 245,397; with the total black population being 622,544. === Religion === Initially, the state and church were not separated in the constitution; citizens of the ZAR had to be members of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk – a breakaway of the Dutch Reformed Church.

By 1897, immigrants had invested over 300,000,000 British Pounds in the ZAR goldfields. === Malaboch War, 1894 === The Malaboch War was between Chief Malaboch (Mmaleboho, Mmaleboxo) of the Bahananwa (Xananwa) people and the South African Republic (ZAR) Government led by Commandant-General Piet Joubert.

1899

The professional military of the ZAR was the Staatsartillerie (State Artillery), who in 1899 numbered 314 men.

In 1899, the ZAR had about 30, 000 men who were called up to serve in the kommandos. Through in theory, any white male burgher could be elected to a military office, in practice the men who were elected came from the wealthier families, who used their wealth to build up patronage networks that put the poorer farmers into their debt in one manner or another.

In 1899, the average age of a general in the ZAR was 58 and the majority had a very limited education.

Most of the takhaars serving as officers in 1899 were in some way connected to President Paul Kruger, either by ties of blood or marriage. == Language == The language spoken and written by the citizens of the ZAR was a variant of Dutch, locally referred to as Hooghollands.

Malboch refused to pay taxes to the Transvaal after it was given back to the Boers in 1881 by the British, which resulted in a military drive against him by the South African Republic (ZAR). === Second Boer War, 1899–1902 === The British first attacked the ZAR with the December 1895 Jameson Raid, which ended in failure.

1902

This proclamation was issued during the British occupation of the region in the Second Boer War and while the ZAR was still nominally an independent country. On 31 May 1902, the Treaty of Vereeniging was signed with the government of the South African Republic, the Orange Free State government, and the British government, ending the war, and converted the ZAR into the Transvaal Colony.

Laws were enforced by the South African Republic Police (Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek Politie or ZARP) which were divided into Mounted Police (Rijdende Politie) and Foot Police. On 10 April 1902, the Magistrates Court powers were extended to increase the civil ceiling amounts and to expand criminal jurisdiction to include all criminal cases not punishable by death or banishment.

The abhorrent conditions in these camps caused the death of 4,177 women and 22,074 children under 16; death rates were between 344 and 700 per 1000 per year. The Treaty of Vereeniging was signed on 31 May 1902.

The Vierkleur was later incorporated into the flag of South Africa between 1928 and 1994. ==Books and articles== == Notes == == References == == External links == 19th century in South Africa 1856 establishments in South Africa 1902 disestablishments in South Africa Former republics States and territories established in 1852 States and territories disestablished in 1902 South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations

1903

On 20 May 1903, an Inter Colonial Council was established to manage the colonies of the British Government.

1906

The Boers were promised eventual limited self-government and this was granted in 1906 and 1907.

1907

The Boers were promised eventual limited self-government and this was granted in 1906 and 1907.

1910

Following the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the Transvaal Colony became Transvaal Province.

The Union of South Africa was established in 1910. === Maritz Rebellion, 1914–1915 === The Maritz rebellion was an armed insurrection which occurred in South Africa in 1914 at the start of World War I.

1914

The Union of South Africa was established in 1910. === Maritz Rebellion, 1914–1915 === The Maritz rebellion was an armed insurrection which occurred in South Africa in 1914 at the start of World War I.

1915

By 1915, the rebellion had failed, and the ringleaders received heavy fines and terms of imprisonment. == Economy and transport == The discovery of gold during the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886 changed the economic fortunes of the formerly impoverished ZAR.

1928

The Vierkleur was later incorporated into the flag of South Africa between 1928 and 1994. ==Books and articles== == Notes == == References == == External links == 19th century in South Africa 1856 establishments in South Africa 1902 disestablishments in South Africa Former republics States and territories established in 1852 States and territories disestablished in 1902 South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations

1994

The name Transvaal was finally changed in 1994, when the South African government broke up the province into four provinces and renamed the core region to Gauteng.

The Vierkleur was later incorporated into the flag of South Africa between 1928 and 1994. ==Books and articles== == Notes == == References == == External links == 19th century in South Africa 1856 establishments in South Africa 1902 disestablishments in South Africa Former republics States and territories established in 1852 States and territories disestablished in 1902 South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations

2000

The president of the ZAR, Burgers led an army of 2000 burghers and was joined by a strong force of Swazi warriors.




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