Another free settlement, Swan River colony was established in 1829 but Western Australia later sought convict labour, and in 1849 Western Australia was formally constituted as a penal colony.
It took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward. On 15 August 1834, the British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834 (Foundation Act), which empowered His Majesty to erect and establish a province or provinces in southern Australia.
Colonial government commenced on 28 December 1836, when the members of the council were sworn in near the Old Gum Tree. As with the rest of the continent, the region has a long history of human occupation by numerous tribes and languages.
The South Australian Company established a temporary settlement at Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, on 26 July 1836, five months before Adelaide was founded.
The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay (near the present day Glenelg) in November 1836. The commencement of colonial government was proclaimed on 28 December 1836, now known as Proclamation Day. South Australia is the only Australian state to have never received British convicts.
Although South Australia was constituted such that convicts could never be transported to the Province, some emancipated or escaped convicts or expirees made their own way there, both prior to 1836, or later, and may have constituted 1–2% of the early population. The plan for the province was that it would be an experiment in reform, addressing the problems perceived in British society.
In early 1838 the colonists became concerned after it was reported that convicts who had escaped from the eastern states may make their way to South Australia.
The South Australia Police was formed in April 1838 to protect the community and enforce government regulations.
A new body was created to advise the governor on the administration of South Australia in 1843 called the Legislative Council.
Another free settlement, Swan River colony was established in 1829 but Western Australia later sought convict labour, and in 1849 Western Australia was formally constituted as a penal colony.
The governor retained total executive power. In 1851, the Imperial Parliament enacted the Australian Colonies Government Act, which allowed for the election of representatives to each of the colonial legislatures and the drafting of a constitution to properly create representative and responsible government in South Australia.
The Western Australia border has a history involving the South Australian government astronomer, Dodwell, and the Western Australian Government Astronomer, Curlewis, marking the border on the ground in the 1920s. In 1863, that part of New South Wales to the north of South Australia was annexed to South Australia, by letters patent, as the "Northern Territory of South Australia", which became shortened to the Northern Territory (6 July 1863).
The three public universities are the University of Adelaide (established 1874, third oldest in Australia), Flinders University (est.
The Legislative Council remained a predominantly conservative chamber elected by property owners. Women's suffrage in Australia took a leap forward – enacted in 1895 and taking effect from the 1896 colonial election, South Australia was the first in Australia and only the second in the world after New Zealand to allow women to vote, and the first in the world to allow women to stand for election.
The Legislative Council remained a predominantly conservative chamber elected by property owners. Women's suffrage in Australia took a leap forward – enacted in 1895 and taking effect from the 1896 colonial election, South Australia was the first in Australia and only the second in the world after New Zealand to allow women to vote, and the first in the world to allow women to stand for election.
In 1897 Catherine Helen Spence was the first woman in Australia to be a candidate for political office when she was nominated to be one of South Australia's delegates to the conventions that drafted the constitution.
South Australia became an original state of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. Although the lower house had universal suffrage, the upper house, the Legislative Council, remained the exclusive domain of property owners until the Labor government of Don Dunstan managed to achieve reform of the chamber in 1973.
Their principal role was to run the first temporary gaol, a two-room hut. The current flag of South Australia was adopted on 13 January 1904, and is a British blue ensign defaced with the state badge.
The Northern Territory was handed to the federal government in 1911 and became a separate territory. According to Australian maps, South Australia's south coast is flanked by the Southern Ocean, but official international consensus defines the Southern Ocean as extending north from the pole only to 60°S or 55°S, at least 17 degrees of latitude further south than the most southern point of South Australia.
The Western Australia border has a history involving the South Australian government astronomer, Dodwell, and the Western Australian Government Astronomer, Curlewis, marking the border on the ground in the 1920s. In 1863, that part of New South Wales to the north of South Australia was annexed to South Australia, by letters patent, as the "Northern Territory of South Australia", which became shortened to the Northern Territory (6 July 1863).
South Australia's main temperature range is in January and in July. The highest maximum temperature was recorded as at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960, which is also the highest official temperature recorded in Australia.
Since the early 1970s it has been an ongoing controversy that 68 percent of Commonwealth funding (increasing to 75% by 2008) goes to private schools that are attended by 32% of the states students.
South Australia became an original state of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. Although the lower house had universal suffrage, the upper house, the Legislative Council, remained the exclusive domain of property owners until the Labor government of Don Dunstan managed to achieve reform of the chamber in 1973.
Property qualifications were removed and the Council became a body elected via proportional representation by a single state-wide electorate. Since the following 1975 South Australian state election, no one party has had control of the state's upper house with the balance of power controlled by a variety of minor parties and independents. ===Local government=== South Australia is divided into 74 local government areas.
The lowest minimum temperature was at Yongala on 20 July 1976. ==Economy== South Australia's average annual employment for 2009–10 was 800,600 persons, 18% higher than for 2000–01.
City was the first side from South Australia to ever win a continental title when it claimed the 1987 Oceania Club Championship and it has also won a record 17 South Australian championships and 17 Federation Cups. West Adelaide became the first South Australian club to be crowned Australian champion when it won the 1978 National Soccer League title.
City was the first side from South Australia to ever win a continental title when it claimed the 1987 Oceania Club Championship and it has also won a record 17 South Australian championships and 17 Federation Cups. West Adelaide became the first South Australian club to be crowned Australian champion when it won the 1978 National Soccer League title.
While much of the arts scene is concentrated in Adelaide, the state government has supported regional arts actively since the 1990s.
South Australia has a cricket team, the West End Redbacks, who play at Adelaide Oval in the Adelaide Park Lands during the summer; they won their first title since 1996 in the summer of 2010–11.
In 2012, the club entered its 25th season, with a roster of 10 senior players (two imports) and three development squad players. ===Motor sport=== Australia's premier motor sport series, the Supercars Championship, has visited South Australia each year since 1999.
The lowest minimum temperature was at Yongala on 20 July 1976. ==Economy== South Australia's average annual employment for 2009–10 was 800,600 persons, 18% higher than for 2000–01.
The manufacturing industry consists of automotive (44% of total Australian production, 2006) and component manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, defence technology (2.1% of GSP, 2002–03) and electronic systems (3.0% of GSP in 2006).
South Australia's economy relies on exports more than any other state in Australia. State export earnings stood at A$10 billion per year and grew by 8.8% from 2002 to 2003.
South Australia's economy relies on exports more than any other state in Australia. State export earnings stood at A$10 billion per year and grew by 8.8% from 2002 to 2003.
The club's home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium (Coopers Stadium), but occasionally plays games at the Adelaide Oval. The club was founded in 2003 and are the 2015–16 season champions of the A-League.
The Pioneers won the South Conference in 2003 and the Final in 2003; this team was rated second in the top five teams to have ever played in the league.
Production of South Australian food and drink (including agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, fisheries and manufacturing) is a $10 billion industry. South Australia's credit rating was upgraded to AAA by Standard & Poor's Rating Agency in September 2004 and to AAA by Moody's Rating Agency November 2004, the highest credit ratings achievable by any company or sovereign.
However, in 2012 Standard & Poor's downgraded the state's credit rating to AA+ due to declining revenues, new spending initiatives and a weaker than expected budgetary outlook. South Australia's Gross State Product was A$48.9 billion starting 2004, making it A$32,996 per capita.
Private schools often refute this by saying that they receive less State Government funding than public schools, and in 2004 the main private school funding came from the Australian government, not the state government. On 14 June 2013, South Australia became the third Australian state to sign up to the Australian Federal Government's Gonski Reform Program.
The club was also premier in the inaugural 2005–06 A-League season, finishing 7 points clear of the rest of the competition, before finishing 3rd in the finals.
For the corresponding period, national average annual employment rose by 22%. South Australia's largest employment sector is health care and social assistance, surpassing manufacturing in SA as the largest employer since 2006–07.
The manufacturing industry consists of automotive (44% of total Australian production, 2006) and component manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, defence technology (2.1% of GSP, 2002–03) and electronic systems (3.0% of GSP in 2006).
Exports for 2006 were valued at $9.0bn with imports at $6.2bn.
Private Residential Building Approvals experienced 80% growth over the year of 2006. South Australia's economy includes the following major industries: meat and meat preparations, wheat, wine, wool and sheepskins, machinery, metal and metal manufactures, fish and crustaceans, road vehicles and parts, and petroleum products.
Adelaide United was also a Grand Finalist in the 2006–07 and 2008–09 seasons.
Since the early 1970s it has been an ongoing controversy that 68 percent of Commonwealth funding (increasing to 75% by 2008) goes to private schools that are attended by 32% of the states students.
Adelaide United was also a Grand Finalist in the 2006–07 and 2008–09 seasons.
The lowest minimum temperature was at Yongala on 20 July 1976. ==Economy== South Australia's average annual employment for 2009–10 was 800,600 persons, 18% higher than for 2000–01.
In 2009–10, manufacturing in SA had average annual employment of 83,700 persons compared with 103,300 for health care and social assistance.
The most commonly nominated responses were 'No Religion' (35.4%), Catholicism (18%), Anglicanism (10%) and Uniting Church (7.1%). ==Education== ===Primary and secondary=== On 1 January 2009, the school leaving age was raised to 17 (having previously been 15 and then 16).
South Australia has a cricket team, the West End Redbacks, who play at Adelaide Oval in the Adelaide Park Lands during the summer; they won their first title since 1996 in the summer of 2010–11.
Attendance for the 2010 event totalled 277,800.
However, in 2012 Standard & Poor's downgraded the state's credit rating to AA+ due to declining revenues, new spending initiatives and a weaker than expected budgetary outlook. South Australia's Gross State Product was A$48.9 billion starting 2004, making it A$32,996 per capita.
In 2012, the club entered its 25th season, with a roster of 10 senior players (two imports) and three development squad players. ===Motor sport=== Australia's premier motor sport series, the Supercars Championship, has visited South Australia each year since 1999.
Other industries, such as education and defence technology, are of growing importance. South Australia receives the least amount of federal funding for its local road network of all states on a per capita and a per kilometre basis. In 2013, South Australia was named by Commsec Securities as the second lowest performing economy in Australia.
Private schools often refute this by saying that they receive less State Government funding than public schools, and in 2004 the main private school funding came from the Australian government, not the state government. On 14 June 2013, South Australia became the third Australian state to sign up to the Australian Federal Government's Gonski Reform Program.
As of 2015 the two clubs were in the top five in terms of membership numbers, with both clubs' membership figures reaching over 60,000.
Many international matches have been played at the Adelaide Oval; it was one of the host cities of 2015 Cricket World Cup, and for many years it hosted the Australia Day One Day International.
The club's home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium (Coopers Stadium), but occasionally plays games at the Adelaide Oval. The club was founded in 2003 and are the 2015–16 season champions of the A-League.
Other significant population centres include Mount Gambier (29,505), Victor Harbor-Goolwa (26,334), Whyalla (21,976), Murray Bridge (18,452), Port Lincoln (16,281), Port Pirie (14,267), and Port Augusta (13,957). ===Ancestry and immigration=== At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were: 28.9% of the population was born overseas at the 2016 census.
The five largest groups of overseas-born were from England (5.8%), India (1.6%), China (1.5%), Italy (1.1%) and Vietnam (0.9%). 2% of the population, or 34,184 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2016. ===Language=== At the 2016 census, 78.2% of the population spoke only English at home.
The other languages most commonly spoken at home were Italian (1.7%), Standard Mandarin (1.7%), Greek (1.4%) Vietnamese (1.1%), and Cantonese (0.6%). === Religion === At the 2016 census, overall 53.9% of responses identified some variant of Christianity.
Maximum charge (September 2016) for Metroticket is $5.30; off-peak and seniors discounts may apply. ===River transport=== The River Murray was formerly an important trade route for South Australia, with paddle steamers linking inland areas and the ocean at Goolwa. ===Sea transport=== South Australia has a container port at Port Adelaide.
At the time of construction in late 2017, it was billed as the largest lithium-ion battery in the world. ===Olympic Dam=== The Olympic Dam mine near Roxby Downs in northern South Australia is the largest deposit of uranium in the world, possessing more than a third of the world's low-cost recoverable reserves and 70% of Australia's.
Council revenue comes mostly from property taxes and government grants. ==Demographics== As at March 2018 the population of South Australia was 1,733,500. A majority of the state's population lives within Greater Adelaide's metropolitan area which had an estimated population of 1,333,927 in June 2017.
General elections are held every four years, the last being the 2018 election. Initially, the Governor of South Australia held almost total power, derived from the letters patent of the imperial government to create the colony.
Council revenue comes mostly from property taxes and government grants. ==Demographics== As at March 2018 the population of South Australia was 1,733,500. A majority of the state's population lives within Greater Adelaide's metropolitan area which had an estimated population of 1,333,927 in June 2017.
However the plan does not signal any new government support, even after the government's cuts to arts funding when Arts South Australia was absorbed into DPC in 2018.
This will see funding for primary and secondary education to South Australia increased by $1.1 billion before 2019. ===Tertiary=== There are three public and four private universities in South Australia.
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