The civil suit which was settled in 1990, "required Klansmen to pay damages, perform community service, and refrain from white supremacist activity." Chalmers wrote in Backfire, that the Klan had been in serious decline since the end of the 1970s.
Levin Jr., and Julian Bond in 1971 as a civil rights law firm in Montgomery, Alabama.
Bond served as president of the board between 1971 and 1979. In 1980, the SPLC began a litigation strategy of filing civil suits for monetary damages on behalf of the victims of violence from the Ku Klux Klan.
in August 1971 as a law firm originally focused on issues such as fighting poverty, racial discrimination and the death penalty in the United States.
. ==External links== 1971 establishments in Alabama African-American history of Alabama Anti-fascist organizations in the United States Anti-racist organizations in the United States Civil rights organizations in the United States Opposition to antisemitism in the United States Organizations established in 1971 Opposition to Islamophobia 501(c)(3) organizations
Starting in 1974, the SPLC set aside money for its endowment stating that it was "convinced that the day [would] come when non-profit groups [would] no longer be able to rely on support through mail because of posting and printing costs". The Los Angeles Times reported that by 2017, the SPLC's financial resources "nearly totaled half a billion dollars in assets".
Supreme Court affirmed, was that fifteen black legislators were elected in 1974. ===Brown v.
Bond served as president of the board between 1971 and 1979. In 1980, the SPLC began a litigation strategy of filing civil suits for monetary damages on behalf of the victims of violence from the Ku Klux Klan.
Dees asked civil rights leader Julian Bond to serve as president, a largely honorary position; he resigned in 1979 but remained on the board of directors until his death in 2015. In 1979, Dees and the SPLC began filing civil lawsuits against Ku Klux Klan chapters and similar organizations for monetary damages on behalf of their victims.
Invisible Empire, KKK (1980)=== In 1979, the Klan began a summer of attacks against civil rights groups, beginning in Alabama.
He described the "Klan summer of 1979", as a "catastrophe" for the Klan, as the SPLC's newly established Klanwatch, which became a "powerful weapon" that "tracked and litigated" the Klan.
As a result of the SPLC, the FBI reopen their case against the Klan, and "nine Klansmen were eventually convicted of criminal charges" related to the Decatur confrontation of 1979. ===Vietnamese fishermen (1981)=== In 1981, the SPLC took Ku Klux Klan leader Louis Beam's Klan-associated militia, the Texas Emergency Reserve (TER), to court to stop racial harassment and intimidation of Vietnamese shrimpers in and around Galveston Bay.
Bond served as president of the board between 1971 and 1979. In 1980, the SPLC began a litigation strategy of filing civil suits for monetary damages on behalf of the victims of violence from the Ku Klux Klan.
Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, filed in 1980 in the USDC Northern District of Alabama, the SPLC sued the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan on behalf of plaintiffs, Brown and other black marchers.
According to a 1996 article in the New York Times, Dees and the SPLC "have been credited with devising innovative legal ways to cripple hate groups, including seizing their assets." Some civil libertarians said that SPLC's tactics chill free speech and set legal precedents that could be applied against activist groups which are not hate groups. In 1981, the Center began its Klanwatch project to monitor the activities of the KKK.
As a result of the SPLC, the FBI reopen their case against the Klan, and "nine Klansmen were eventually convicted of criminal charges" related to the Decatur confrontation of 1979. ===Vietnamese fishermen (1981)=== In 1981, the SPLC took Ku Klux Klan leader Louis Beam's Klan-associated militia, the Texas Emergency Reserve (TER), to court to stop racial harassment and intimidation of Vietnamese shrimpers in and around Galveston Bay.
The Klan's actions against approximately 100 Vietnamese shrimpers in the area included a cross burning, sniper fire aimed at them, and arsonists burning their boats. In May 1981, U.S.
Initially, its precursor—the "Klanwatch" project—which was established in 1981, focused on monitoring KKK activities.
In a November 2018 briefing of law enforcement officials in Clark County, Washington, concerning the Proud Boys FBI agents suggested the use of various websites for more information, including that of the SPLC. ===Intelligence Report=== Since 1981, the SPLC's Intelligence Project has published a quarterly Intelligence Report that monitors what the SPLC considers radical right [group]s and extremists in the United States.
Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (1982)=== In 1982, armed members of the Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan terrorized Bobby Person, a black prison guard, and members of his family.
According to CharityWatch, the SPLC's total expenses, as of March 2019, amounted to $74,000,000 and contributions totaled $111,000,000. ==Criminal attacks and plots against the SPLC== In July 1983, the SPLC headquarters was firebombed, destroying the building and records.
The SPLC built a new headquarters building from 1999 to 2001. In 1984, Dees became an assassination target of The Order, a revolutionary white supremacist group.
In 1984, Person became the lead plaintiff in Person v.
From 1984 to 1994, the SPLC raised about $62 million in contributions and spent about $21 million on programs, according to the newspaper.
Downs Jr., along with Klan sympathizer Charles Bailey, pleaded guilty in February 1985 to conspiring to intimidate, oppress and threaten members of black organizations represented by SPLC.
In January 1985, the court issued a consent order that prohibited the group's "Grand Dragon", Frazier Glenn Miller Jr., and his followers from operating a paramilitary organization, holding parades in black neighborhoods, and from harassing, threatening or harming any black person or white persons who associated with black persons.
Found guilty of weapons violations, he went to federal prison for three years. ===United Klans of America=== In 1987, SPLC won a case against the United Klans of America for the lynching of Michael Donald, a black teenager in Mobile, Alabama.
In 1987, five members of a Klan offshoot, the White Patriot Party, were indicted for stealing military weaponry and plotting to kill Dees.
The SPLC has since successfully used this precedent to force numerous Ku Klux Klan and other hate groups into bankruptcy. ===White Aryan Resistance=== On November 13, 1988, in Portland, Oregon, three white supremacist members of East Side White Pride and White Aryan Resistance (WAR) fatally assaulted Mulugeta Seraw, an Ethiopian man who came to the United States to attend college.
Walker gives the example that the 2016 report itself concedes an increase in the number of KKK groups could be due to two large groups falling apart, leading to members creating smaller local groups. ==Notable publications and media coverage on the SPLC== In May 1988, journalist John Egerton published his article entitled "The Klan Basher" in Foundation News.
In July 1988, he published a similar article, entitled "Poverty Palace: How the Southern Poverty Law Center got rich fighting the Klan", in The Progressive.
The civil suit which was settled in 1990, "required Klansmen to pay damages, perform community service, and refrain from white supremacist activity." Chalmers wrote in Backfire, that the Klan had been in serious decline since the end of the 1970s.
In October 1990, the SPLC won a civil case on behalf of Seraw's family against WAR's operator Tom Metzger and his son, John, for a total of $12.5 million.
The SPLC filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit in July 2019. ==Projects and publishing platforms== ===Hate Map=== In 1990, the SPLC began to publish an "annual census of hate groups operating within the United States". ====Classifications and listings of hate groups==== Over the years the classifications and listings of hate groups expanded to reflect current social phenomena.
, Metzger still makes payments to Seraw's family. ===Church of the Creator=== In May 1991, Harold Mansfield, a black U.S.
A 1991 book entitled Shades of Gray: Dispatches from the Modern South included a chapter by Egerton on this theme, entitled "Morris Dees and the Southern Poverty Law Center". In 1994, the Montgomery Advertiser published an eight-part critical report on the SPLC.
SPLC represented the victim's family in a civil case and won a judgment of $1 million from the church in March 1994.
A 1991 book entitled Shades of Gray: Dispatches from the Modern South included a chapter by Egerton on this theme, entitled "Morris Dees and the Southern Poverty Law Center". In 1994, the Montgomery Advertiser published an eight-part critical report on the SPLC.
From 1984 to 1994, the SPLC raised about $62 million in contributions and spent about $21 million on programs, according to the newspaper.
By 2007, according to Dees, more than 30 people had been jailed in connection with plots to kill him or to blow up SPLC offices. In 1995, four men were indicted for planning to blow up the SPLC.
The SPLC filed suit against Pierce for his role in the fraudulent scheme and won an $85,000 judgment against him in 1995.
The money was awarded stemming from arson convictions; these Klan units burned down the historic black church in 1995.
The series was nominated as one of three finalists for a 1995 Pulitzer Prize in Explanatory Journalism for "its probe of questionable management practices and self-interest at the Southern Poverty Law Center, the nation's best-endowed civil rights charity." According to the series, the SPLC had exaggerated the threat posed by the Klan and similar groups in order to raise money, discriminated against black employees, and used misleading fundraising tactics.
According to a 1996 article in the New York Times, Dees and the SPLC "have been credited with devising innovative legal ways to cripple hate groups, including seizing their assets." Some civil libertarians said that SPLC's tactics chill free speech and set legal precedents that could be applied against activist groups which are not hate groups. In 1981, the Center began its Klanwatch project to monitor the activities of the KKK.
The amount was upheld on appeal and the money was collected prior to Pierce's death in 2002. ===Christian Knights of the KKK=== The SPLC won a $37.8 million verdict on behalf of Macedonia Baptist Church, a 100-year-old black church in Manning, South Carolina, against two Ku Klux Klan chapters and five Klansmen (Christian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and Invisible Empire, Inc.) in July 1998.
The lawsuit stemmed from the July 1998 attack when security guards at the Aryan Nations compound near Hayden Lake in northern Idaho, shot at Victoria Keenan and her son.
The SPLC built a new headquarters building from 1999 to 2001. In 1984, Dees became an assassination target of The Order, a revolutionary white supremacist group.
The SPLC has provided information about hate groups to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other law enforcement agencies. Since the 2000s, the SPLC's classification and listings of hate groups (organizations it has assessed either "attack or malign an entire class of people, typically for their immutable characteristics") and extremists have often been described as authoritative and are widely accepted and cited in academic and media coverage of such groups and related issues.
It's what the jury thinks this egregious conduct is worth that matters, along with the message it sends." According to The Washington Post the amount is the "largest-ever civil award for damages in a hate crime case." ===Aryan Nations=== In September 2000, the SPLC won a $6.3 million judgment against the Aryan Nations via an Idaho jury who awarded punitive and compensatory damages to a woman and her son who were attacked by Aryan Nations guards.
By the 2000s, the term "hate groups" included organizations it has assessed either "attack or malign an entire class of people, typically for their immutable characteristics".
The SPLC built a new headquarters building from 1999 to 2001. In 1984, Dees became an assassination target of The Order, a revolutionary white supremacist group.
The amount was upheld on appeal and the money was collected prior to Pierce's death in 2002. ===Christian Knights of the KKK=== The SPLC won a $37.8 million verdict on behalf of Macedonia Baptist Church, a 100-year-old black church in Manning, South Carolina, against two Ku Klux Klan chapters and five Klansmen (Christian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and Invisible Empire, Inc.) in July 1998.
He donated the land to North Idaho College, which designated the area as a "peace park". ===Ten Commandments monument=== In 2002, the SPLC and the American Civil Liberties Union filed suit (Glassroth v.
The website received Webby Awards in 2002 and 2004 for Best Activism.
Ranch Rescue=== In 2003, the SPLC, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and local attorneys filed a civil suit, Leiva v.
In April 2005, SPLC obtained judgments totaling $1 million against Casey James Nethercott, who was then Ranch Rescue's leader and the owner of an Arizona ranch, Camp Thunderbird, Joe Sutton, who owned the Hebbronville ranch on which two illegal immigrants has been caught trespassing on March 18, 2003, and Jack Foote, the founder of Ranch Rescue.
The website received Webby Awards in 2002 and 2004 for Best Activism.
In April 2005, SPLC obtained judgments totaling $1 million against Casey James Nethercott, who was then Ranch Rescue's leader and the owner of an Arizona ranch, Camp Thunderbird, Joe Sutton, who owned the Hebbronville ranch on which two illegal immigrants has been caught trespassing on March 18, 2003, and Jack Foote, the founder of Ranch Rescue.
The SPLC report cited a November 23, 2005, Washington Post article that fact checked the figures in the graph.
In July 2006, five Klan members went to the Meade County Fairgrounds in Brandenburg, Kentucky, "to hand out business cards and flyers advertising a 'white-only' IKA function".
By 2007, according to Dees, more than 30 people had been jailed in connection with plots to kill him or to blow up SPLC offices. In 1995, four men were indicted for planning to blow up the SPLC.
In 2007, Johnson was awarded $9 million in damages by a Linden, Texas jury.
The SPLC had filed suit for damages in July 2007 on behalf of Jordan Gruver and his mother against the IKA in Kentucky.
As a result, the victim received "two cracked ribs, a broken left forearm, multiple cuts and bruises and jaw injuries requiring extensive dental repair." In a related criminal case in February 2007, Jarred Hensley and Andrew Watkins were sentenced to three years in prison for beating Gruver.
At a criminal trial, the four men were convicted of assault and received sentences of 30 to 60 days in county jail. ===Imperial Klans of America=== In November 2008, the SPLC's case against the Imperial Klans of America (IKA), the nation's second-largest Klan organization, went to trial in Meade County, Kentucky.
The authors of the 2009 book The White Separatist Movement in the United States, sociologists Betty A.
The Hatewatch blog, along with the "Teaching Tolerance" program and the Intelligence Report, highlights SPLC's work. An in-depth 2018 Hatewatch report examined the roots and evolution of black-on-white crime rhetoric, from the mid-nineteenth century to the late 2010s.
The SPLC joined with the ACLU, the Asian Law Caucus, and the National Immigration Law Center in June 2011, to file a lawsuit challenging HB 87.
In settling the suit, Mississippi ended its contract with GEO Group in 2012.
In 2012, Mississippi opened a new youthful offender unit at the Central Mississippi Correctional Facility in Rankin County.
Management and Training Corporation had been awarded a contract for this and two other facilities in Mississippi in 2012 following the removal of GEO Group.
In 2015 the court granted the plaintiffs' motion for class certification. ===Polk County, Florida Sheriff=== In 2012, the SPLC initiated a class action federal lawsuit against the Polk County, Florida sheriff, Grady Judd, alleging that seven juveniles confined by the sheriff were suffering in improper conditions.
The report described how Dylann Roof, the perpetrator of the June 17, 2015, Charleston church shooting had written in his manifesto about his 2012 Google search for "black-on-white crime", which led him to be convinced that black men were a "physical threat to white people." One of the first sources was the Council of Conservative Citizens.
which resulted in a permanent injunction in 2013 blocking multiple provisions of the law. In 2013 "Teaching Tolerance" was cited as "of the most widely read periodicals dedicated to diversity and social justice in education". In 2016, the SPLC's "ranks swelled" and its "endowment surged" after President Donald Trump was elected, resulting in the hiring of 200 new employees. In March 2019 founder Morris Dees was fired, and in April Karen Baynes-Dunning was named as interim president and CEO.
The state also agreed to not subject youthful offenders to solitary confinement and a court monitor conducted regular reviews of conditions at the facility. Also with the ACLU Prison Project, the SPLC filed a class-action suit in May 2013 against Management and Training Corporation (MTC), the for-profit operator of the private East Mississippi Correctional Facility, and the MDC.
In 2013 the SPLC donated the Intelligence Project's documentation to the library of Duke University.
Shanks-Meile said that the SPLC's Klanwatch Intelligence Reports sometimes portrayed the KKK as more "militant and dangerous with higher turnouts" than what they personally had observed. In 2013, J.M.
In July 2019, a judge issued a $14 million dollar default judgment against Anglin, who is in hiding and has refused to appear in court. ==Lawsuits and criticism against the SPLC== In October 2014, the SPLC added Ben Carson to its extremist watch list, citing his association with groups it considers extreme, and his "linking of gays with pedophiles".
Dees asked civil rights leader Julian Bond to serve as president, a largely honorary position; he resigned in 1979 but remained on the board of directors until his death in 2015. In 1979, Dees and the SPLC began filing civil lawsuits against Ku Klux Klan chapters and similar organizations for monetary damages on behalf of their victims.
In 2015 the court granted the plaintiffs' motion for class certification. ===Polk County, Florida Sheriff=== In 2012, the SPLC initiated a class action federal lawsuit against the Polk County, Florida sheriff, Grady Judd, alleging that seven juveniles confined by the sheriff were suffering in improper conditions.
Following criticism, the SPLC concluded its profile of Carson did not meet its standards, removed his listing, and apologized to him in February 2015. In October 2016, the SPLC published its "Field Guide to Anti-Muslim Extremists", which listed the British activist Maajid Nawaz and a nonprofit group he founded, the Quilliam Foundation.
The report described how Dylann Roof, the perpetrator of the June 17, 2015, Charleston church shooting had written in his manifesto about his 2012 Google search for "black-on-white crime", which led him to be convinced that black men were a "physical threat to white people." One of the first sources was the Council of Conservative Citizens.
The report shows that on November 22, 2015, then-Presidential Candidate Donald Trump retweeted a chart that had "originated from a neo-Nazi account" which displayed "bogus crime statistics".
which resulted in a permanent injunction in 2013 blocking multiple provisions of the law. In 2013 "Teaching Tolerance" was cited as "of the most widely read periodicals dedicated to diversity and social justice in education". In 2016, the SPLC's "ranks swelled" and its "endowment surged" after President Donald Trump was elected, resulting in the hiring of 200 new employees. In March 2019 founder Morris Dees was fired, and in April Karen Baynes-Dunning was named as interim president and CEO.
The Center received an overall score of 90.96 (out of 100) up from its 2016 rating of 85.5, 87.58 on financial health matters up from 79.7 in 2016, and 97 on accountability and transparency, the same rating as in 2016.
Following criticism, the SPLC concluded its profile of Carson did not meet its standards, removed his listing, and apologized to him in February 2015. In October 2016, the SPLC published its "Field Guide to Anti-Muslim Extremists", which listed the British activist Maajid Nawaz and a nonprofit group he founded, the Quilliam Foundation.
Jesse Walker, writing in Reason.com, criticized the 2016 report, questioning whether the count was reliable, as it focused on the number of groups rather than the number of people in those groups or the size of the groups.
Walker gives the example that the 2016 report itself concedes an increase in the number of KKK groups could be due to two large groups falling apart, leading to members creating smaller local groups. ==Notable publications and media coverage on the SPLC== In May 1988, journalist John Egerton published his article entitled "The Klan Basher" in Foundation News.
Starting in 1974, the SPLC set aside money for its endowment stating that it was "convinced that the day [would] come when non-profit groups [would] no longer be able to rely on support through mail because of posting and printing costs". The Los Angeles Times reported that by 2017, the SPLC's financial resources "nearly totaled half a billion dollars in assets".
Nawaz said about the settlement that Quilliam "will continue to combat extremists by defying Muslim stereotypes, calling out fundamentalism in our own communities, and speaking out against anti-Muslim hate." The SPLC ultimately removed the Field Guide from its website. In August 2017, a defamation lawsuit was filed against the SPLC by the D.
In 2017 the SPLC began developing a six-part series with Black Box Management to document "the normalization of far-right extremism in the age of Donald Trump." ===Cooperation with law enforcement=== The SPLC cooperates with, and offers training to, law enforcement agencies, focusing "on the history, background, leaders, and activities of far-right extremists in the United States".
In 2018, The SPLC filed suits related to the conditions of incarceration for adults and juveniles. ===Leadership upheaval amid harassment allegations=== In the spring of 2019, an assistant legal director resigned "over racial and gender equity concerns at the organization," according to the Montgomery Advertiser. In March 2019, the SPLC fired founder Morris Dees for undisclosed reasons and removed his bio from its website.
For 2018, its endowment was approximately $471 million per its annual report and SPLC spent 49% of its revenue on programs.
According to the Montgomery Advertiser, the SPLC had received "significant financial support" with revenues almost "$122 million and total assets of $492.3 million", as of September 30, 2018, it reported . Prior to his departure in 2019, Dee's "role at the Center was focused on 'donor relations' and "expanding the Center's financial resources. ===Charity ratings=== In September 2019, based on 2018 figures, Charity Navigator rated the SPLC four out of four stars.
In June 2018, the SPLC issued an apology, stating: Along with the apology, the SPLC paid US$3.375 million to Nawaz and the Quilliam Foundation in a settlement.
On February 21, 2018, a federal magistrate judge recommended that the suit be dismissed with prejudice, concluding that D.
The Hatewatch blog, along with the "Teaching Tolerance" program and the Intelligence Report, highlights SPLC's work. An in-depth 2018 Hatewatch report examined the roots and evolution of black-on-white crime rhetoric, from the mid-nineteenth century to the late 2010s.
In a November 2018 briefing of law enforcement officials in Clark County, Washington, concerning the Proud Boys FBI agents suggested the use of various websites for more information, including that of the SPLC. ===Intelligence Report=== Since 1981, the SPLC's Intelligence Project has published a quarterly Intelligence Report that monitors what the SPLC considers radical right [group]s and extremists in the United States.
There have also been accusations of misuse or unnecessarily extravagant use of funds by the organization, leading some employees to call the headquarters "Poverty Palace". In 2019, founder Morris Dees was fired, which was followed by President Richard Cohen's resignation.
which resulted in a permanent injunction in 2013 blocking multiple provisions of the law. In 2013 "Teaching Tolerance" was cited as "of the most widely read periodicals dedicated to diversity and social justice in education". In 2016, the SPLC's "ranks swelled" and its "endowment surged" after President Donald Trump was elected, resulting in the hiring of 200 new employees. In March 2019 founder Morris Dees was fired, and in April Karen Baynes-Dunning was named as interim president and CEO.
After a "tumultuous year", in mid-December 2019, staff at the SPLC voted to unionize, with 142 in favor and 45 against.
In 2018, The SPLC filed suits related to the conditions of incarceration for adults and juveniles. ===Leadership upheaval amid harassment allegations=== In the spring of 2019, an assistant legal director resigned "over racial and gender equity concerns at the organization," according to the Montgomery Advertiser. In March 2019, the SPLC fired founder Morris Dees for undisclosed reasons and removed his bio from its website.
Huang replaced Karen Baynes-Dunning, a former juvenile court judge, who served as interim president and CEO since April 2019, after founder Morris Dees was fired in March 2019.
According to the Montgomery Advertiser, the SPLC had received "significant financial support" with revenues almost "$122 million and total assets of $492.3 million", as of September 30, 2018, it reported . Prior to his departure in 2019, Dee's "role at the Center was focused on 'donor relations' and "expanding the Center's financial resources. ===Charity ratings=== In September 2019, based on 2018 figures, Charity Navigator rated the SPLC four out of four stars.
According to CharityWatch, the SPLC's total expenses, as of March 2019, amounted to $74,000,000 and contributions totaled $111,000,000. ==Criminal attacks and plots against the SPLC== In July 1983, the SPLC headquarters was firebombed, destroying the building and records.
In July 2019, a judge issued a $14 million dollar default judgment against Anglin, who is in hiding and has refused to appear in court. ==Lawsuits and criticism against the SPLC== In October 2014, the SPLC added Ben Carson to its extremist watch list, citing his association with groups it considers extreme, and his "linking of gays with pedophiles".
On September 19, 2019, the lawsuit was dismissed by Judge Myron H.
Subsequently, the SPLC retracted two other articles written by Alexander Reid Ross on the topic of Russian campaigns to influence Western public opinion. In 2019, the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS) sued the SPLC for designating the CIS as a hate group, claiming it constituted fraud under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act.
Jacobson, a longtime critic of the SPLC, criticized the listing of the CIS as "pos[ing] a danger of being exploited as an excuse to silence speech and to skew political debate." The lawsuit was dismissed in September 2019 for failure to state a claim; Judge Amy Berman Jackson ruled that the CIS could not show any violations of the RICO statute. In February 2019, several months after resigning as chaiman of the Proud Boys, Gavin McInnes filed a defamation lawsuit against the SPLC.
The SPLC filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit in July 2019. ==Projects and publishing platforms== ===Hate Map=== In 1990, the SPLC began to publish an "annual census of hate groups operating within the United States". ====Classifications and listings of hate groups==== Over the years the classifications and listings of hate groups expanded to reflect current social phenomena.
Margaret Huang, who was formerly the Chief Executive at Amnesty International USA, was named as president and CEO of the SPLC in early February 2020. ==History== The Southern Poverty Law Center was founded by civil rights lawyers Morris Dees and Joseph J.
Cohen said, "Whatever problems exist at the SPLC happened on my watch, so I take responsibility for them." ==Administration== In early February 2020, Margaret Huang, who was formerly the Chief Executive at Amnesty International USA, was named as president and CEO of the SPLC.
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