In 1964, a book entitled Business Computer Language was written by Kimball, Stoffells and Walsh and both the book and program were copyrighted in 1966 and years later that copyright was renewed. Applied Data Resources had a FORTRAN preprocessor called Empires. In the late 1960s, Xerox used BCL to develop a more sophisticated version for their timesharing system. ==== LANPAR spreadsheet compiler ==== A key invention in the development of electronic spreadsheets was made by Rene K.
However, this concept of an electronic spreadsheet was outlined in the 1961 paper "Budgeting Models and System Simulation" by Richard Mattessich.
These batch Spreadsheets dealt primarily with the addition or subtraction of entire columns or rows (of input variables), rather than individual cells. In 1962, this concept of the spreadsheet, called BCL for Business Computer Language, was implemented on an IBM 1130 and in 1963 was ported to an IBM 7040 by R.
These batch Spreadsheets dealt primarily with the addition or subtraction of entire columns or rows (of input variables), rather than individual cells. In 1962, this concept of the spreadsheet, called BCL for Business Computer Language, was implemented on an IBM 1130 and in 1963 was ported to an IBM 7040 by R.
In 1964, a book entitled Business Computer Language was written by Kimball, Stoffells and Walsh and both the book and program were copyrighted in 1966 and years later that copyright was renewed. Applied Data Resources had a FORTRAN preprocessor called Empires. In the late 1960s, Xerox used BCL to develop a more sophisticated version for their timesharing system. ==== LANPAR spreadsheet compiler ==== A key invention in the development of electronic spreadsheets was made by Rene K.
In 1964, a book entitled Business Computer Language was written by Kimball, Stoffells and Walsh and both the book and program were copyrighted in 1966 and years later that copyright was renewed. Applied Data Resources had a FORTRAN preprocessor called Empires. In the late 1960s, Xerox used BCL to develop a more sophisticated version for their timesharing system. ==== LANPAR spreadsheet compiler ==== A key invention in the development of electronic spreadsheets was made by Rene K.
In 1968 BCL was ported by Walsh to the IBM 360/67 timesharing machine at Washington State University.
Once the cell values stayed constant, the user was assured that there were no remaining forward references within the spreadsheet. ==== Autoplan/Autotab spreadsheet programming language ==== In 1968, three former employees from the General Electric computer company headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona set out to start their own software development house.
Although they were first developed for accounting or bookkeeping tasks, they now are used extensively in any context where tabular lists are built, sorted, and shared. LANPAR, available in 1969, was the first electronic spreadsheet on mainframe and time sharing computers.
This was conceived and entirely developed in the summer of 1969, following Pardo and Landau's recent graduation from Harvard University.
Pardo and Landau developed and implemented the software in 1969. LANPAR was used by Bell Canada, AT&T, and the 18 operating telephone companies nationwide for their local and national budgeting operations.
Pardo and Remy Landau, who filed in 1970 on a spreadsheet automatic natural order calculation algorithm.
(National CSS offered a similar product, CSSTAB, which had a moderate timesharing user base by the early 1970s.
In 1975, Autotab-II was advertised as extending the original to a maximum of "1,500 rows and columns, combined in any proportion the user requires..." GE Information Services, which operated the time-sharing service, also launched its own spreadsheet system, Financial Analysis Language (FAL), circa 1974.
In 1975, Autotab-II was advertised as extending the original to a maximum of "1,500 rows and columns, combined in any proportion the user requires..." GE Information Services, which operated the time-sharing service, also launched its own spreadsheet system, Financial Analysis Language (FAL), circa 1974.
Both FAL and TABOL were integrated with GEIS's database system, DMS. ==== IBM Financial Planning and Control System ==== The IBM Financial Planning and Control System was developed in 1976, by Brian Ingham at IBM Canada.
It was designed to optimize the power of APL through object kernels, increasing program efficiency by as much as 50 fold over traditional programming approaches. ==== APLDOT modeling language ==== An example of an early "industrial weight" spreadsheet was APLDOT, developed in 1976 at the United States Railway Association on an IBM 360/91, running at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD.
APLDOT was dubbed a "spreadsheet" because financial analysts and strategic planners used it to solve the same problems they addressed with paper spreadsheet pads. === VisiCalc === Because Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston implemented VisiCalc on the Apple II in 1979 and the IBM PC in 1981, the spreadsheet concept became widely known in the early 1980s.
APLDOT was dubbed a "spreadsheet" because financial analysts and strategic planners used it to solve the same problems they addressed with paper spreadsheet pads. === VisiCalc === Because Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston implemented VisiCalc on the Apple II in 1979 and the IBM PC in 1981, the spreadsheet concept became widely known in the early 1980s.
Nevertheless, VisiCalc remains best known as an Apple II program. === SuperCalc === SuperCalc was a spreadsheet application published by Sorcim in 1980, and originally bundled (along with WordStar) as part of the CP/M software package included with the Osborne 1 portable computer.
In the context of programming languages, this yields a limited form of first-order functional programming. ==== Automatic recalculation ==== A standard of spreadsheets since the 1980s, this optional feature eliminates the need to manually request the spreadsheet program to recalculate values (nowadays typically the default option unless specifically 'switched off' for large spreadsheets, usually to improve performance).
APLDOT was dubbed a "spreadsheet" because financial analysts and strategic planners used it to solve the same problems they addressed with paper spreadsheet pads. === VisiCalc === Because Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston implemented VisiCalc on the Apple II in 1979 and the IBM PC in 1981, the spreadsheet concept became widely known in the early 1980s.
It quickly became the de facto standard spreadsheet for CP/M and was ported to MS-DOS in 1982. === Lotus 1-2-3 and other MS-DOS spreadsheets === The acceptance of the IBM PC following its introduction in August 1981, began slowly because most of the programs available for it were translations from other computer models.
It quickly became the de facto standard spreadsheet for CP/M and was ported to MS-DOS in 1982. === Lotus 1-2-3 and other MS-DOS spreadsheets === The acceptance of the IBM PC following its introduction in August 1981, began slowly because most of the programs available for it were translations from other computer models.
Things changed dramatically with the introduction of Lotus 1-2-3 in November 1982, and release for sale in January 1983.
Things changed dramatically with the introduction of Lotus 1-2-3 in November 1982, and release for sale in January 1983.
Lotus 1-2-3 was released on January 26, 1983, started outselling then-most-popular VisiCalc the very same year, and for several years was the leading spreadsheet for DOS. === Microsoft Excel === Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and then ported it to Windows, with the first version being numbered 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) and released in November 1987.
Lotus 1-2-3 was released on January 26, 1983, started outselling then-most-popular VisiCalc the very same year, and for several years was the leading spreadsheet for DOS. === Microsoft Excel === Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and then ported it to Windows, with the first version being numbered 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) and released in November 1987.
Lotus 1-2-3 was released on January 26, 1983, started outselling then-most-popular VisiCalc the very same year, and for several years was the leading spreadsheet for DOS. === Microsoft Excel === Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and then ported it to Windows, with the first version being numbered 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) and released in November 1987.
The Windows 3.x platforms of the early 1990s made it possible for Excel to take market share from Lotus.
Lotus introduced what is likely the most successful example, Lotus Improv, which saw some commercial success, notably in the financial world where its powerful data mining capabilities remain well respected to this day. Spreadsheet 2000 attempted to dramatically simplify formula construction, but was generally not successful. == Concepts == The main concepts are those of a grid of cells, called a sheet, with either raw data, called values, or formulas in the cells.
The default display format is usually set by its initial content if not specifically previously set, so that for example "31/12/2007" or "31 Dec 2007" would default to the cell format of date. Similarly adding a % sign after a numeric value would tag the cell as a percentage cell format.
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