I shall try to understand my people and do my best to share the responsibilities which history has placed upon all of us." He later wrote to a friend from childhood: "I should have been born into the German-speaking Jewish community of Prague in 1922 and died in a gas chamber some 20 years later.
Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiments on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale. Milgram was influenced by the events of the Holocaust, especially the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in developing the experiment.
A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Milgram as the 46th-most-cited psychologist of the 20th century. ==Biography== === Early and personal life=== Milgram was born in 1933 in New York City (the Bronx) to Jewish parents.
At the time of his death, Milgram lived in New Rochelle, New York. Milgram's father worked as a baker, providing a modest income for his family until his death in 1953 (upon which Stanley's mother took over the bakery).
In 1954, Milgram received his bachelor's degree in political science from Queens College in New York, which he attended tuition-free.
He was eventually accepted to Harvard in 1954 after first enrolling as a student in Harvard's Office of Special Students. === Professional life === In 1961, Milgram received a PhD in social psychology from Harvard.
Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiments on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale. Milgram was influenced by the events of the Holocaust, especially the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in developing the experiment.
He became an assistant professor at Yale in the fall of 1960.
There was obviously a motive behind neutral research." Milgram married his wife, Alexandra, in a ceremony at the Brotherhood Synagogue in Greenwich Village in Manhattan on December 10, 1961, and they had two children, Michele and Marc.
He was eventually accepted to Harvard in 1954 after first enrolling as a student in Harvard's Office of Special Students. === Professional life === In 1961, Milgram received a PhD in social psychology from Harvard.
Inspired in part by the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann, his models were later also used to explain the 1968 My Lai Massacre (including authority training in the military, depersonalizing the "enemy" through racial and cultural differences, etc.).
He served as an assistant professor in the Department of Social Relations at Harvard from 1963 to 1966 on a three-year contract.
He left behind a widow, Alexandra "Sasha" Milgram, a daughter, Michele Sara, and a son, Marc Daniel. ==Obedience to authority== In 1963, Milgram submitted the results of his obedience experiments in the article "Behavioral Study of Obedience".
He won the AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research in 1964, mostly for his work on the social aspects of obedience.
He served as an assistant professor in the Department of Social Relations at Harvard from 1963 to 1966 on a three-year contract.
Most likely because of his controversial obedience experiment, Milgram was denied tenure at Harvard. In 1967 he accepted an offer to become a tenured full professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, and he taught at City University until he died in 1984.
He helped justify a science some dismiss as unimportant, contributed to the understanding of humanity, and, even if by way of attacks against him, contributed to the consideration of the treatment of research participants. ==Small-world phenomenon== The six degrees of separation concept was examined in Milgram's 1967 "small-world experiment", which tracked chains of acquaintances in the United States.
Inspired in part by the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann, his models were later also used to explain the 1968 My Lai Massacre (including authority training in the military, depersonalizing the "enemy" through racial and cultural differences, etc.).
Milgram found most of the letters addressed to individuals and favorable organizations were mailed, while most of those addressed to stigmatized organizations were not. ==Anti-social behavior experiment== In 1970–71, Milgram conducted experiments which attempted to find a correlation between media consumption (in this case, watching television) and anti-social behavior.
Ten years later, in 1974, Milgram published Obedience to Authority.
Cyranoids have also been used in installation art to explore social experiences whereby people encounter those familiar to them through the bodies of strangers. ==References in media== In 1975, CBS presented a made-for-television movie about obedience experiments, The Tenth Level, with William Shatner as Stephen Hunter, a Milgram-like scientist.
The experiment presented the opportunity to steal money, donate to charity, or neither, and tested whether the rate of each choice was influenced by watching similar actions in the ending of a specially crafted episode of the popular series Medical Center. ==Cyranoids== In 1977 Milgram began piloting an experimental procedure that aimed to operationalize the mind-body fusion fantasy explored in the Edmond Rostand play Cyrano de Bergerac.
Quoted in an article in Spin magazine in September 1986: "At first this seems a very negative thing," says Gabriel, "but I was comforted that some had the strength to rebel, and in the So version of the song, which I’ve been performing in concert since around 1980, the emphasis is shifted to the positive side." Milgram 18 was reproduced to test the participants in a 2008 television special The Heist.
Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiments on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale. Milgram was influenced by the events of the Holocaust, especially the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in developing the experiment.
After earning a PhD in social psychology from Harvard University, he taught at Yale, Harvard, and then for most of his career as a professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, until his death in 1984. His small-world experiment, while at Harvard, led researchers to analyze the degree of connectedness, including the six degrees of separation concept.
Most likely because of his controversial obedience experiment, Milgram was denied tenure at Harvard. In 1967 he accepted an offer to become a tenured full professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, and he taught at City University until he died in 1984.
Milgram had a number of significant influences, including psychologists Solomon Asch and Gordon Allport. ===Death=== Milgram died on December 20, 1984, aged 51, of a heart attack in New York City.
Though he continued to develop the methodology through 1984 (the year of his death), he never prepared a formal publication detailing his cyranoid experiments. In 2014, social psychologists at the London School of Economics published the first replications of Milgram's original pilots.
When asked about the film, Milgram told one of his graduate students, Sharon Presley, that he was not happy with the film and told her that he did not want his name to be used in the credits. In 1986, musician Peter Gabriel wrote a song called "We Do What We're Told (Milgram's 37)", referring mistakenly to the percentage of test subjects who refused to continue administering shocks.
Quoted in an article in Spin magazine in September 1986: "At first this seems a very negative thing," says Gabriel, "but I was comforted that some had the strength to rebel, and in the So version of the song, which I’ve been performing in concert since around 1980, the emphasis is shifted to the positive side." Milgram 18 was reproduced to test the participants in a 2008 television special The Heist.
A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Milgram as the 46th-most-cited psychologist of the 20th century. ==Biography== === Early and personal life=== Milgram was born in 1933 in New York City (the Bronx) to Jewish parents.
Elizabeth DeVita–Raebu has discussed potential problems with Milgram's experiment. In 2008, a study by Microsoft showed that the average chain of contacts between users of its '.NET Messenger Service' (later called Microsoft Messenger service) was 6.6 people. ==Lost letter experiment== Milgram developed a technique, called the "lost letter" experiment, for measuring how helpful people are to strangers who are not present, and their attitudes toward various groups.
Quoted in an article in Spin magazine in September 1986: "At first this seems a very negative thing," says Gabriel, "but I was comforted that some had the strength to rebel, and in the So version of the song, which I’ve been performing in concert since around 1980, the emphasis is shifted to the positive side." Milgram 18 was reproduced to test the participants in a 2008 television special The Heist.
The four most responsive and psychologically sound candidates at the end of the show were indirectly given the opportunity to rob a (fake) armoured bank van. In March 2010, French television channel France 2 broadcast Jusqu'où va la télé, describing the results of a fake game show that they had run 80 times (each time independently, and with a new contestant and audience).
Encouraged by the show's host and by an unprimed studio audience, the vast majority followed instructions even as the "victim" screamed. In 2010, luxury brand Enfants Perdus released a collection called "Milgram", in which the designers drew themes and inspiration from the Milgram experiment.
3rd expanded edition published 2010 by Pinter & Martin, . Blass, T.
Though he continued to develop the methodology through 1984 (the year of his death), he never prepared a formal publication detailing his cyranoid experiments. In 2014, social psychologists at the London School of Economics published the first replications of Milgram's original pilots.
The design team has referenced the discussions about the human condition and the revelations of the human condition in numerous interviews. In 2015, an experimental biopic about Milgram called Experimenter was released, directed by Michael Almereyda.
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