In 1775 at Soho James Watt designed a reaction turbine that was put to work there.
In 1827 the Frenchmen Real and Pichon patented and constructed a compound impulse turbine. The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by Charles Parsons, whose first model was connected to a dynamo that generated of electricity.
Its modern manifestation was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884. The steam turbine is a form of [engine] that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion process.
In 1827 the Frenchmen Real and Pichon patented and constructed a compound impulse turbine. The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by Charles Parsons, whose first model was connected to a dynamo that generated of electricity.
To reduce fuel costs the thermal efficiency of both types of engine have been improved over the years. ===Early development=== The development of steam turbine marine propulsion from 1894 to 1935 was dominated by the need to reconcile the high efficient speed of the turbine with the low efficient speed (less than 300 rpm) of the ship's propeller at an overall cost competitive with reciprocating engines.
In 1894, efficient reduction gears were not available for the high powers required by ships, so direct drive was necessary.
Auguste Rateau developed a pressure compounded impulse turbine using the de Laval principle as early as 1896, obtained a US patent in 1903, and applied the turbine to a French torpedo boat in 1904.
He taught at the École des mines de Saint-Étienne for a decade until 1897, and later founded a successful company that was incorporated into the Alstom firm after his death.
The United States had acquired the Philippines and Hawaii as territories in 1898, and lacked the British Royal Navy's worldwide network of coaling stations.
company International Curtis Marine Turbine Company, was developed in the 1900s in conjunction with John Brown & Company.
Thus, the US Navy in 1900–1940 had the greatest need of any nation for fuel economy, especially as the prospect of war with Japan arose following World War I.
Auguste Rateau developed a pressure compounded impulse turbine using the de Laval principle as early as 1896, obtained a US patent in 1903, and applied the turbine to a French torpedo boat in 1904.
His work Die Dampfturbinen und ihre Aussichten als Wärmekraftmaschinen (English: The Steam Turbine and its prospective use as a Heat Engine) was published in Berlin in 1903.
Auguste Rateau developed a pressure compounded impulse turbine using the de Laval principle as early as 1896, obtained a US patent in 1903, and applied the turbine to a French torpedo boat in 1904.
The British used exclusively turbine-powered warships from 1906.
This need was compounded by the US not launching any cruisers 1908–1920, so destroyers were required to perform long-range missions usually assigned to cruisers.
So, various cruising solutions were fitted on US destroyers launched 1908–1916.
The first steam turbine rail locomotive was built in 1908 for the Officine Meccaniche Miani Silvestri Grodona Comi, Milan, Italy.
The high shaft speeds of the era are represented by one of the first US turbine-powered destroyers, , launched in 1909, which had direct drive turbines and whose three shafts turned at 724 rpm at . The use of turbines in several casings exhausting steam to each other in series became standard in most subsequent marine propulsion applications, and is a form of cross-compounding.
After adopting turbines with the s launched in 1909, the United States Navy reverted to reciprocating machinery on the s of 1912, then went back to turbines on Nevada in 1914.
As reduction gears became available around 1911, some ships, notably the battleship , had them on cruising turbines while retaining direct drive main turbines.
An example of the retention of reciprocating engines on fast ships was the famous of 1911, which along with her sisters and had triple-expansion engines on the two outboard shafts, both exhausting to an LP turbine on the center shaft.
After adopting turbines with the s launched in 1909, the United States Navy reverted to reciprocating machinery on the s of 1912, then went back to turbines on Nevada in 1914.
Because they recognized that a long cruising range would be desirable given their worldwide empire, some warships, notably the s, were fitted with cruising turbines from 1912 onwards following earlier experimental installations. In the US Navy, the s, launched 1935–36, introduced double-reduction gearing.
After adopting turbines with the s launched in 1909, the United States Navy reverted to reciprocating machinery on the s of 1912, then went back to turbines on Nevada in 1914.
Beginning in 1915 all new Royal Navy destroyers had fully geared turbines, and the United States followed in 1917. In the Royal Navy, speed was a priority until the Battle of Jutland in mid-1916 showed that in the battlecruisers too much armour had been sacrificed in its pursuit.
Beginning in 1915 all new Royal Navy destroyers had fully geared turbines, and the United States followed in 1917. In the Royal Navy, speed was a priority until the Battle of Jutland in mid-1916 showed that in the battlecruisers too much armour had been sacrificed in its pursuit.
Amphibious and auxiliary ships continued to use steam post-World War II, with , launched in 2001, possibly the last non-nuclear steam-powered ship built for the US Navy. ===Turbo-electric drive=== Turbo-electric drive was introduced on the battleship , launched in 1917.
De Laval Steam Turbine with an Introduction on the Principles of Design circa 1920 Extreme Steam- Unusual Variations on The Steam Locomotive Interactive Simulation of 350MW Steam Turbine with Boiler developed by The University of Queensland, in Brisbane Australia "Super-Steam...An Amazing Story of Achievement" Popular Mechanics, August 1937 Modern Energetics - The Steam Turbine 1884 introductions Arab inventions Egyptian inventions English inventions Turbine Turbine 19th-century inventions
A further book Dampf und Gas-Turbinen (English: Steam and Gas Turbines) was published in 1922. The Brown-Curtis turbine, an impulse type, which had been originally developed and patented by the U.S.
In 1924 Krupp built the steam turbine locomotive T18 001, operational in 1929, for Deutsche Reichsbahn. The main advantages of a steam turbine locomotive are better rotational balance and reduced [blow] on the track.
However, when the US designed the "treaty cruisers", beginning with launched in 1927, geared turbines were used to conserve weight, and remained in use for all fast steam-powered ships thereafter. ===Current usage=== Since the 1980s, steam turbines have been replaced by gas turbines on fast ships and by diesel engines on other ships; exceptions are nuclear-powered ships and submarines and LNG carriers.
In 1924 Krupp built the steam turbine locomotive T18 001, operational in 1929, for Deutsche Reichsbahn. The main advantages of a steam turbine locomotive are better rotational balance and reduced [blow] on the track.
Ten more turbo-electric capital ships were planned, but cancelled due to the limits imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty. Although New Mexico was refitted with geared turbines in a 1931–1933 refit, the remaining turbo-electric ships retained the system throughout their careers.
A much later arrangement than Turbinia can be seen on in Long Beach, California, launched in 1934, in which each shaft is powered by four turbines in series connected to the ends of the two input shafts of a single-reduction gearbox.
To reduce fuel costs the thermal efficiency of both types of engine have been improved over the years. ===Early development=== The development of steam turbine marine propulsion from 1894 to 1935 was dominated by the need to reconcile the high efficient speed of the turbine with the low efficient speed (less than 300 rpm) of the ship's propeller at an overall cost competitive with reciprocating engines.
Because they recognized that a long cruising range would be desirable given their worldwide empire, some warships, notably the s, were fitted with cruising turbines from 1912 onwards following earlier experimental installations. In the US Navy, the s, launched 1935–36, introduced double-reduction gearing.
De Laval Steam Turbine with an Introduction on the Principles of Design circa 1920 Extreme Steam- Unusual Variations on The Steam Locomotive Interactive Simulation of 350MW Steam Turbine with Boiler developed by The University of Queensland, in Brisbane Australia "Super-Steam...An Amazing Story of Achievement" Popular Mechanics, August 1937 Modern Energetics - The Steam Turbine 1884 introductions Arab inventions Egyptian inventions English inventions Turbine Turbine 19th-century inventions
Machinery of this configuration can be seen on many preserved World War II-era warships in several countries. When US Navy warship construction resumed in the early 1950s, most surface combatants and aircraft carriers used / steam.
This continued until the end of the US Navy steam-powered warship era with the s of the early 1970s.
However, when the US designed the "treaty cruisers", beginning with launched in 1927, geared turbines were used to conserve weight, and remained in use for all fast steam-powered ships thereafter. ===Current usage=== Since the 1980s, steam turbines have been replaced by gas turbines on fast ships and by diesel engines on other ships; exceptions are nuclear-powered ships and submarines and LNG carriers.
The Indian Navy currently operates INS Vikramaditya, a modified ; it also operates three s commissioned in the early 2000s and one scheduled for decommissioning.
Amphibious and auxiliary ships continued to use steam post-World War II, with , launched in 2001, possibly the last non-nuclear steam-powered ship built for the US Navy. ===Turbo-electric drive=== Turbo-electric drive was introduced on the battleship , launched in 1917.
The Royal Navy decommissioned its last conventional steam-powered surface warship class, the , in 2002, with the Italian Navy following in 2006 by decommissioning its last conventional steam-powered surface warships, the s.
The Royal Navy decommissioned its last conventional steam-powered surface warship class, the , in 2002, with the Italian Navy following in 2006 by decommissioning its last conventional steam-powered surface warships, the s.
In 2013, the French Navy ended its steam era with the decommissioning of its last .
Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator—about 85% of all electricity generation in the United States in the year 2014 was by use of steam turbines.
As of 2020, the Mexican Navy operates four steam-powered former U.S.
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