The historian Sergio Luzzatto recounted that in 1919, according to one document in the Vatican's archive, Pio had requested carbolic acid from a pharmacist.
The surgeon Giorgio Festa, a private practitioner, also examined them in 1920 and 1925.
He suggested they had been inflicted unconsciously by suggestion and artificially maintained by iodine that Pio had used as a disinfectant. In 1922, physician Agostino Gemelli wrote that Pio was a hysteric and his stigmata were self-induced, not of supernatural origin.
The surgeon Giorgio Festa, a private practitioner, also examined them in 1920 and 1925.
Edward Frederick Hartung concluded in 1935 that he knew what health problems plagued St.
Alberto Caserta took X-rays of the hands in 1954 and found no abnormality in the bone structure.
Giuseppe Sala who worked as a physician for Pio between 1956-1968 commented that tests revealed his blood had no signs of abnormality. There were both religious and non-religious critics who accused Padre Pio of faking his stigmata, saying he used carbolic acid to make the wounds.
The purple spots of blood may have been punctured while in the wilderness and there appear as an open wound like that of Christ." A later medical hypothesis was proposed in 1987 to explain the wounds, it claimed that St.
She was canonized on 13 October 2019 by Pope Francis. ==Scientific research== Many stigmatics have been exposed for using trickery.
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