In 1747, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion.
In 1749, the Gentlemen's Magazine reported that a similar design had initially been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in 1680.
It was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion. ===19th century=== In 1800, France built a human-powered submarine designed by American Robert Fulton, .
The French eventually gave up on the experiment in 1804, as did the British when they later considered Fulton's submarine design. In 1864, late in the American Civil War, the Confederate navy's became the first military submarine to sink an enemy vessel, the Union sloop-of-war .
It was the fifth submarine built in the world and, along with a second submarine, was intended to defend the port of Valparaiso against attack by the Spanish Navy during the Chincha Islands War. ====Mechanical power==== The first submarine not relying on human power for propulsion was the French (Diver), launched in 1863, which used compressed air at .
The first mechanically driven submarine was the 1863 French , which used compressed air for propulsion.
The French eventually gave up on the experiment in 1804, as did the British when they later considered Fulton's submarine design. In 1864, late in the American Civil War, the Confederate navy's became the first military submarine to sink an enemy vessel, the Union sloop-of-war .
Narcís Monturiol designed the first air-independent and combustion-powered submarine, , which was launched in Barcelona, Spain in 1864. The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of the Whitehead torpedo, designed in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead, the first practical self-propelled or 'locomotive' torpedo.
Anaerobic propulsion was first employed by the Spanish Ictineo II in 1864, which used a solution of zinc, manganese dioxide, and potassium chlorate to generate sufficient heat to power a steam engine, while also providing oxygen for the crew.
Hunley also sank, because the shock waves from the explosion killed the crew instantly and prevented them from pumping the bilge or propelling the submarine. In 1866, was the first submarine to successfully dive, cruise underwater, and resurface under the control of the crew.
Kroehl (in German, Kröhl) incorporated elements that are still used in modern submarines. In 1866, was built at the request of the Chilean government, by Karl Flach, a German engineer and immigrant.
Narcís Monturiol designed the first air-independent and combustion-powered submarine, , which was launched in Barcelona, Spain in 1864. The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of the Whitehead torpedo, designed in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead, the first practical self-propelled or 'locomotive' torpedo.
Countries conducted many experiments on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, which led to their large impact in World War I. The Irish inventor John Philip Holland built a model submarine in 1876 and a full-scale version in 1878, which were followed by a number of unsuccessful ones.
In 1878, John Philip Holland demonstrated the Holland I prototype. Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor George Garrett and the Swedish industrialist Thorsten Nordenfelt led to the first practical steam-powered submarines, armed with torpedoes and ready for military use.
Countries conducted many experiments on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, which led to their large impact in World War I. The Irish inventor John Philip Holland built a model submarine in 1876 and a full-scale version in 1878, which were followed by a number of unsuccessful ones.
The first was Nordenfelt I, a 56-tonne, vessel similar to Garrett's ill-fated (1879), with a range of , armed with a single torpedo, in 1885. A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in the 1880s with the advent of the necessary electric battery technology.
The first was Nordenfelt I, a 56-tonne, vessel similar to Garrett's ill-fated (1879), with a range of , armed with a single torpedo, in 1885. A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in the 1880s with the advent of the necessary electric battery technology.
In 1896 he designed the Holland Type VI submarine, which used internal combustion engine power on the surface and electric battery power underwater.
Launched on 17 May 1897 at Navy Lt.
The definition as of 1899 was for any type of "submarine boat".
Peral's design featured torpedoes and other systems that later became standard in submarines. ===20th century=== Submarines were not put into service for any widespread or routine use by navies until the early 1900s.
Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Holland VI was purchased by the United States Navy on 11 April 1900, becoming the Navy's first commissioned submarine, christened . Commissioned in June 1900, the French steam and electric employed the now typical double-hull design, with a pressure hull inside the outer shell.
Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before 1914. The Royal Navy commissioned five s from Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness, under licence from the Holland Torpedo Boat Company from 1901 to 1903.
Construction of the boats took longer than anticipated, with the first only ready for a diving trial at sea on 6 April 1902.
Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before 1914. The Royal Navy commissioned five s from Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness, under licence from the Holland Torpedo Boat Company from 1901 to 1903.
The French submarine Aigrette in 1904 further improved the concept by using a diesel rather than a gasoline engine for surface power.
Although the design had been purchased entirely from the US company, the actual design used was an untested improvement to the original Holland design using a new petrol engine. These types of submarines were first used during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05.
In this configuration, the electric motor is thus responsible for driving the propeller at all times, regardless of whether air is available so that the combustion engine can also be used or not. Among the pioneers of this alternative solution was the very first submarine of the Swedish Navy, HMS Hajen (later renamed Ub no 1), launched in 1904.
Due to the blockade at Port Arthur, the Russians sent their submarines to Vladivostok, where by 1 January 1905 there were seven boats, enough to create the world's first "operational submarine fleet".
The first confrontation with Japanese warships occurred on 29 April 1905 when the Russian submarine Som was fired upon by Japanese torpedo boats, but then withdrew. ====World War I==== Military submarines first made a significant impact in World War I.
Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before 1914. The Royal Navy commissioned five s from Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness, under licence from the Holland Torpedo Boat Company from 1901 to 1903.
In August 1914, a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea in the first submarine war patrol in history. The U-boats' ability to function as practical war machines relied on new tactics, their numbers, and submarine technologies such as combination diesel–electric power system developed in the preceding years.
From that point onwards, it has been consistently used for all new classes of Swedish submarines, albeit supplemented by air-independent propulsion (AIP) as provided by Stirling engines beginning with HMS Näcken in 1988. Another early adopter of diesel–electric transmission was the US Navy, whose Bureau of Engineering proposed its use in 1928.
As a side-effect, the diesel–electric transmission was temporarily abandoned. However, diesel–electric transmission was immediately reintroduced when Sweden began designing its own submarines again in the mid 1930s.
It was subsequently tried in the S-class submarines , , and before being put into production with the Porpoise class of the 1930s.
A similar system was not employed again until 1940 when the German Navy tested a [peroxide]-based system, the Walter turbine, on the experimental V-80 submarine and later on the naval and type XVII submarines; the system was further developed for the British , completed in 1958. Until the advent of nuclear marine propulsion, most 20th-century submarines used electric motors and batteries for running underwater and combustion engines on the surface, and for battery recharging.
When the Japanese attacked Hawaii in December 1941, 111 boats were in commission; 203 submarines from the , , and es were commissioned during the war.
From that point onwards, it continued to be used on most US conventional submarines. Apart from the British U-class and some submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy that used separate diesel generators for low speed running, few navies other than those of Sweden and the US made much use of diesel–electric transmission before 1945.
In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel–electric propulsion.
Seventy-four British submarines were lost, the majority, forty-two, in the Mediterranean. ====Cold-War military models==== The first launch of a cruise missile (SSM-N-8 Regulus) from a submarine occurred in July 1953, from the deck of , a World War II fleet boat modified to carry the missile with a nuclear warhead.
It was originally powered by a hydrogen peroxide/diesel engine and battery system until an explosion of her hydrogen peroxide supply on 20 May 1957.
A similar system was not employed again until 1940 when the German Navy tested a [peroxide]-based system, the Walter turbine, on the experimental V-80 submarine and later on the naval and type XVII submarines; the system was further developed for the British , completed in 1958. Until the advent of nuclear marine propulsion, most 20th-century submarines used electric motors and batteries for running underwater and combustion engines on the surface, and for battery recharging.
Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the US, the Soviet Union/Russian Federation, Britain, and France have been powered by nuclear reactors. In 1959–1960, the first ballistic missile submarines were put into service by both the United States () and the Soviet Union () as part of the Cold War nuclear deterrent strategy. During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games.
Some are also used in illegal activities. The Submarine Voyage ride opened at Disneyland in 1959, but although it ran under water it was not a true submarine, as it ran on tracks and was open to the atmosphere.
On 5 October 1959, Trieste departed San Diego for Guam aboard the freighter Santa Maria to participate in Project Nekton, a series of very deep dives in the Mariana Trench.
Most submarines additionally have forward horizontal planes, normally placed on the bow until the 1960s but often on the sail on later designs.
Finally, it is safer in that one of the two diagonal lines can counteract the other with respect to vertical as well as horizontal motion if one of them accidentally gets stuck. The x-stern was first tried in practice in the early 1960s on the USS Albacore, an experimental submarine of the US Navy.
On 23 January 1960, Trieste reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying Jacques Piccard (son of Auguste) and Lieutenant Don Walsh, USN.
The first tourist submarine was , which went into service in 1964 at Expo64.
Instead, the first to use an x-stern in standard operations was the Swedish Navy with its Sjöormen class, the lead submarine of which was launched in 1967, before the Albacore had even finished her test runs.
The Soviet Union lost at least four submarines during this period: was lost in 1968 (a part of which the CIA retrieved from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes-designed ship Glomar Explorer), in 1970, in 1986, and in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—).
The Soviet Union lost at least four submarines during this period: was lost in 1968 (a part of which the CIA retrieved from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes-designed ship Glomar Explorer), in 1970, in 1986, and in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—).
Notably, the Soviet Navy did not introduce diesel–electric transmission on its conventional submarines until 1980 with its Paltus class. If diesel–electric transmission had only brought advantages and no disadvantages in comparison with a system that mechanically connects the diesel engine to the propeller, it would undoubtedly have become dominant much earlier.
In 1982 during the Falklands War, the Argentine cruiser was sunk by the British submarine , the first sinking by a nuclear-powered submarine in war.
This advantage was vividly demonstrated in the 1982 Falklands War when the British nuclear-powered submarine sank the Argentine cruiser .
The Soviet Union lost at least four submarines during this period: was lost in 1968 (a part of which the CIA retrieved from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes-designed ship Glomar Explorer), in 1970, in 1986, and in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—).
From that point onwards, it has been consistently used for all new classes of Swedish submarines, albeit supplemented by air-independent propulsion (AIP) as provided by Stirling engines beginning with HMS Näcken in 1988. Another early adopter of diesel–electric transmission was the US Navy, whose Bureau of Engineering proposed its use in 1928.
The Soviet Union lost at least four submarines during this period: was lost in 1968 (a part of which the CIA retrieved from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes-designed ship Glomar Explorer), in 1970, in 1986, and in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—).
The onboard systems indicated a depth of , although this was later revised to and more accurate measurements made in 1995 have found the Challenger Deep slightly shallower, at . Building a pressure hull is difficult, as it must withstand pressures at its required diving depth.
By 1997 there were 45 tourist submarines operating around the world.
In September 2011, Colombian authorities seized a 16-meter-long submersible that could hold a crew of 5, costing about $2 million.
The Israeli Navy disclosed the incident in November 2018. ===21st century=== ==Usage== ===Military=== Before and during World War II, the primary role of the submarine was anti-surface ship warfare.
Hence, as judged by the situation in the early 2020s, the x-stern is about to become the dominant technology. ===Hull=== ====Overview==== Modern submarines are cigar-shaped.
All text is taken from Wikipedia. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License .
Page generated on 2021-08-05