The party did not win any directly elected seats, so for the first time since 1949 was not represented in the Bundestag.
The tactical voters were aided by Spain's d'hondt electoral system and were successfully able to influence the outcome of the election, despite a record low turnout of 66.5%. === Taiwan === In the 1995 Legislative Yuan elections, tactical voting was implemented by the opposition parties such as the Democratic Progressive Party and the New Party.
However, he lost the election against Davis. === United Kingdom === In the 1997 UK general election, Democratic Left helped Bruce Kent set up GROT (Get Rid Of Them) a tactical voter campaign whose sole aim was to help prevent the Conservative Party from gaining a 5th term in office.
49% of tactical voters said they would do so in the hope of stopping a party whose views they opposed. According to a 2020 study, older voters in the UK tend to vote strategically more than younger voters, and richer voters tend to vote more strategically than poorer voters. === Canada === In the 1999 Ontario provincial election, strategic voting was widely encouraged by opponents of the Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris.
In 2001, the Democratic Left's successor organisation the New Politics Network organised a similar campaign.
Herschbach argued in a paper in Science magazine in 2001 that approval voting was the method least amenable to tactical perturbations.
Election methods with no tactical advantage to bullet voting are said to satisfy the later-no-harm criterion, including instant runoff voting and single transferable vote. == Examples in real elections == === United States === One high-profile example of tactical voting was the 2002 California gubernatorial election.
This failed to unseat Harris, and succeeded only in suppressing the Ontario New Democratic Party vote to a historic low. In the 2004 federal election and to a lesser extent in the 2006 election, strategic voting was a concern for the federal New Democratic Party (NDP).
In the 2004 election, the governing Liberal Party was able to convince many New Democratic voters to vote Liberal in order to avoid a Conservative government.
This maximized the opposition's seat gains and resulted in the ruling Kuomintang losing 10 seats, receiving the lowest share of seats in history at the time. === Other countries === Puerto Rico's 2004 elections were affected by tactical voting.
This failed to unseat Harris, and succeeded only in suppressing the Ontario New Democratic Party vote to a historic low. In the 2004 federal election and to a lesser extent in the 2006 election, strategic voting was a concern for the federal New Democratic Party (NDP).
In the 2006 elections, the Liberal Party attempted the same strategy, with Prime Minister Paul Martin asking New Democrats and Greens to vote for the Liberal Party in order to prevent a Conservative win.
Laraki, the inventors of the majority judgment method, performed an initial investigation of this question using a set of Monte Carlo simulated elections based on the results from a poll of the 2007 French presidential election which they had carried out using rated ballots.
[ Extending the Rational Voter Theory of Tactical Voting] == External links == Tactical Voting Can Be a Weak Strategy—Article on tactical voting within larger strategic considerations [archived] VoteRoll.com VoteRoll is a blog roll voting system that offers tiered tactical voting to develop statistics for people voting online since 2010. Voting theory Psephology Elections in India Party-list proportional representation
The New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton would respond by asking voters to "lend" their votes to his party, suggesting that the Liberal Party would be bound to lose the election regardless of strategic voting. During the 2015 federal election, strategic voting was primarily against the Conservative government of Stephen Harper which had benefited from vote splitting among centrist and left-leaning parties in the 2011 election.
Separatists voted under their ideology, but for the center party's candidate, which caused major turmoil.) After a recount and a trial, Acevedo Vilá was certified as governor of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico. In 2011 Slovenian parliamentary election, 30% of voters voted tactically.
This culminated in the Tea tape scandal when a meeting in the Epsom electorate in 2011 was taped.
In the campaign for the 2012 Dutch election, the Socialist Party had enjoyed good poll ratings, but many voters who preferred the Socialists voted instead for the more centrist Labour Party out of fear that a strong showing from the Socialists would lead to political deadlock.
In the 2013 German federal election, the Free Democratic Party got only 4.8% of the votes so did not meet the 5% threshold.
For the 2015 UK general election, http://voteswap.org was set up to help prevent the Conservative Party staying in government, by encouraging Green Party supporters to tactically vote for the Labour Party in listed marginal seats.
The New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton would respond by asking voters to "lend" their votes to his party, suggesting that the Liberal Party would be bound to lose the election regardless of strategic voting. During the 2015 federal election, strategic voting was primarily against the Conservative government of Stephen Harper which had benefited from vote splitting among centrist and left-leaning parties in the 2011 election.
The Anti-establishment camp gained 29 seats, which was a historical record. === Spain === In the 2016 General Election in Spain, the incentives for voting tactically were much larger than usual, following the rise of the Podemos and Ciudadanos following the economic crisis and election in 2015.
The Anti-establishment camp gained 29 seats, which was a historical record. === Spain === In the 2016 General Election in Spain, the incentives for voting tactically were much larger than usual, following the rise of the Podemos and Ciudadanos following the economic crisis and election in 2015.
This conclusion was reached by comparing results to the demographics of constituencies and polling districts. In the 2017 general election, it is estimated that 6.5 million people (more than 20% of voters) voted tactically either as a way of preventing a "hard Brexit" or preventing another Conservative government led by the Tactical2017 campaign.
According to prominent Slovenian public opinion researchers, such proportions of tactical voting were not recorded anywhere else before. In Hungary, during the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election, several websites such as taktikaiszavazas.hu (meaning "tactical voting") promoted the idea to vote for opposition candidates with the highest probability of winning a given seat.
This ultimately led to the Conservatives losing seats in the election even though they increased their overall vote share. In the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election to determine the final two candidates for the party vote, it was suggested that front-runner Boris Johnson's campaign encouraged some of its MPs to back Jeremy Hunt instead of Johnson, so that Hunt - seen as "a lower-energy challenger" - would finish in second place, allowing an easier defeat in the party vote.
Tactical voting was expected to play a major role in the 2019 General Election, with a YouGov poll suggesting that 19% of voters would be doing so tactically.
49% of tactical voters said they would do so in the hope of stopping a party whose views they opposed. According to a 2020 study, older voters in the UK tend to vote strategically more than younger voters, and richer voters tend to vote more strategically than poorer voters. === Canada === In the 1999 Ontario provincial election, strategic voting was widely encouraged by opponents of the Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris.
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