Heinlein in his 1942 story Waldo. As the sizes got smaller, one would have to redesign tools, because the relative strength of various forces would change.
"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom: An Invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics" was a lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman at the annual American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959.
The first challenge involved the construction of a tiny motor, which, to Feynman's surprise, was achieved by November 1960 by Caltech graduate William McLellan, a meticulous craftsman, using conventional tools.
In February 1960, Caltech's Engineering and Science published the speech.
The lecture was included as the final chapter in the 1961 book, Miniaturization. ==Impact== K.
Fabian Pease, had read the paper in 1966; but it was another grad student in the lab, Ken Polasko, who had recently read it who suggested attempting the challenge.
Beginning in the 1980s, nanotechnology advocates cited it to establish the scientific credibility of their work. ==Conception== Feynman considered some ramifications of a general ability to manipulate matter on an atomic scale.
The journal Nature Nanotechnology dedicated an issue in 2009 to the subject. Toumey found that the published versions of Feynman's talk had a negligible influence in the twenty years after it was first published, as measured by citations in the scientific literature, and not much more influence in the decade after the Scanning Tunneling Microscope was invented in 1981.
In 1985, Tom Newman, a Stanford graduate student, successfully reduced the first paragraph of A Tale of Two Cities by 1/25,000, and collected the second Feynman prize.
This is probably because the term "nanotechnology" gained serious attention just before that time, following its use by Drexler in his 1986 book, Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which cited Feynman, and in a cover article headlined "Nanotechnology", published later that year in a mass-circulation science-oriented magazine, OMNI.
The journal Nanotechnology was launched in 1989; the famous Eigler-Schweizer experiment, precisely manipulating 35 xenon atoms, was published in Nature in April 1990; and Science had a special issue on nanotechnology in November 1991.
Interest in "Plenty of Room" in the scientific literature greatly increased in the early 1990s.
The journal Nanotechnology was launched in 1989; the famous Eigler-Schweizer experiment, precisely manipulating 35 xenon atoms, was published in Nature in April 1990; and Science had a special issue on nanotechnology in November 1991.
The journal Nanotechnology was launched in 1989; the famous Eigler-Schweizer experiment, precisely manipulating 35 xenon atoms, was published in Nature in April 1990; and Science had a special issue on nanotechnology in November 1991.
Bush on December 3, 2003. In 2016, a group of researchers of TU Delft and INL reported the storage of a paragraph of Feynman's talk using binary code where every bit was made with a single atomic vacancy.
The journal Nature Nanotechnology dedicated an issue in 2009 to the subject. Toumey found that the published versions of Feynman's talk had a negligible influence in the twenty years after it was first published, as measured by citations in the scientific literature, and not much more influence in the decade after the Scanning Tunneling Microscope was invented in 1981.
By 2016, a factor of just 20 in electron mobility separated plastic from silicon. ==Challenges== At the meeting Feynman concluded his talk with two challenges, and offered a prize of $1000 for the first to solve each one.
Bush on December 3, 2003. In 2016, a group of researchers of TU Delft and INL reported the storage of a paragraph of Feynman's talk using binary code where every bit was made with a single atomic vacancy.
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