Similarly, small slices of time spent waiting for disk, tape, or network input could be granted to other users. The concept is claimed to have been first described by John Backus in the 1954 summer session at MIT, and later by Bob Bemer in his 1957 article "How to consider a computer" in Automatic Control Magazine.
Similarly, small slices of time spent waiting for disk, tape, or network input could be granted to other users. The concept is claimed to have been first described by John Backus in the 1954 summer session at MIT, and later by Bob Bemer in his 1957 article "How to consider a computer" in Automatic Control Magazine.
In a paper published in December 1958 by W.
Organizations would have input-output equipment installed on their own premises and would buy time on the computer much the same way that the average household buys power and water from utility companies." Christopher Strachey, who became Oxford University's first professor of computation, filed a patent application for "time-sharing" in February 1959.
However, as computers rapidly improved in speed, and especially in size of core memory in which users' states were retained, the overhead of time-sharing continually decreased, relatively speaking. The first project to implement time-sharing of user programs was initiated by John McCarthy at MIT in 1959, initially planned on a modified IBM 704, and later on an additionally modified IBM 709 (one of the first computers powerful enough for time-sharing).
JOSS began time-sharing service in January 1964. The first commercially successful time-sharing system was the Dartmouth Time Sharing System. ===Development=== Throughout the late 1960s and the 1970s, computer terminals were multiplexed onto large institutional mainframe computers (centralized computing systems), which in many implementations sequentially polled the terminals to see whether any additional data was available or action was requested by the computer user.
This bursting nature permits the service to be used by many customers at once, usually with no perceptible communication delays, unless the servers start to get very busy. ===Time-sharing business=== Genesis In the 1960s, several companies started providing time-sharing services as service bureaus.
One of the deliverables of the project, known as the Compatible Time-Sharing System or CTSS, was demonstrated in November 1961.
Another contender for the first demonstrated time-sharing system was PLATO II, created by Donald Bitzer at a public demonstration at Robert Allerton Park near the University of Illinois in early 1961.
This paper is credited by the MIT Computation Center in 1963 as "the first paper on time-shared computers". Implementing a system able to take advantage of this was initially difficult.
JOSS began time-sharing service in January 1964. The first commercially successful time-sharing system was the Dartmouth Time Sharing System. ===Development=== Throughout the late 1960s and the 1970s, computer terminals were multiplexed onto large institutional mainframe computers (centralized computing systems), which in many implementations sequentially polled the terminals to see whether any additional data was available or action was requested by the computer user.
TSL was acquired by ADP in 1974. OLS Computer Services (UK) Limited (1975-1980) - using HP & DEC systems. ===The computer utility=== Beginning in 1964, the Multics operating system was designed as a computing utility, modeled on the electrical or telephone utilities.
Companies providing this service included GE's GEISCO, IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation, Tymshare (founded in 1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun & Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) and Time Sharing Ltd.
Companies providing this service included GE's GEISCO, IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation, Tymshare (founded in 1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun & Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) and Time Sharing Ltd.
In the earliest days of personal computers, many were in fact used as particularly smart terminals for time-sharing systems. The Dartmouth Time Sharing System's creators wrote in 1968 that "any response time which averages more than 10 seconds destroys the illusion of having one's own computer".
Companies providing this service included GE's GEISCO, IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation, Tymshare (founded in 1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun & Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) and Time Sharing Ltd.
By 1968, there were 32 such service bureaus serving the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) alone.
Even as revenue fell by 66% and National Data subsequently developed its own problems, attempts were made to keep this timesharing business going. =====UK===== Time Sharing Limited (TSL, 1969-1974) - launched using DEC systems.
Alexander, Advanced Topics in Systems Programming (1970, revised 1971), University of Michigan Engineering Summer Conference. "The Computer Utility As A Marketplace For Computer Services", Robert Frankston's MIT Master's Thesis, 1973. Reminiscences on the Theory of Time-Sharing by John McCarthy, 1983. Origins of timesharing by Bob Bemer. "40 years of Multics, 1969-2009", an interview with Professor Fernando J.
In computing, time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users at the same time by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking. Its emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s represented a major technological shift in the history of computing.
JOSS began time-sharing service in January 1964. The first commercially successful time-sharing system was the Dartmouth Time Sharing System. ===Development=== Throughout the late 1960s and the 1970s, computer terminals were multiplexed onto large institutional mainframe computers (centralized computing systems), which in many implementations sequentially polled the terminals to see whether any additional data was available or action was requested by the computer user.
In the 1970s, Ted Nelson's original "Xanadu" hypertext repository was envisioned as such a service.
Alexander, Advanced Topics in Systems Programming (1970, revised 1971), University of Michigan Engineering Summer Conference. "The Computer Utility As A Marketplace For Computer Services", Robert Frankston's MIT Master's Thesis, 1973. Reminiscences on the Theory of Time-Sharing by John McCarthy, 1983. Origins of timesharing by Bob Bemer. "40 years of Multics, 1969-2009", an interview with Professor Fernando J.
CTSS has a good claim to be the first time-sharing system and remained in use until 1973.
Originally National Coal Board (NCB) Computer Services, it became Compower in 1973 providing computing and time-share services to internal NCB users and as a commercial service to external users.
Alexander, Advanced Topics in Systems Programming (1970, revised 1971), University of Michigan Engineering Summer Conference. "The Computer Utility As A Marketplace For Computer Services", Robert Frankston's MIT Master's Thesis, 1973. Reminiscences on the Theory of Time-Sharing by John McCarthy, 1983. Origins of timesharing by Bob Bemer. "40 years of Multics, 1969-2009", an interview with Professor Fernando J.
TSL was acquired by ADP in 1974. OLS Computer Services (UK) Limited (1975-1980) - using HP & DEC systems. ===The computer utility=== Beginning in 1964, the Multics operating system was designed as a computing utility, modeled on the electrical or telephone utilities.
Companies providing this service included GE's GEISCO, IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation, Tymshare (founded in 1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun & Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) and Time Sharing Ltd.
Conversely, timesharing users thought that their terminal was the computer. With the rise of microcomputing in the early 1980s, time-sharing became less significant, because individual microprocessors were sufficiently inexpensive that a single person could have all the CPU time dedicated solely to their needs, even when idle. However, the Internet brought the general concept of time-sharing back into popularity.
It was still of sufficient interest in 1982 to be the focus of "A User's Guide to Statistics Programs: The Rapidata Timesharing System".
Alexander, Advanced Topics in Systems Programming (1970, revised 1971), University of Michigan Engineering Summer Conference. "The Computer Utility As A Marketplace For Computer Services", Robert Frankston's MIT Master's Thesis, 1973. Reminiscences on the Theory of Time-Sharing by John McCarthy, 1983. Origins of timesharing by Bob Bemer. "40 years of Multics, 1969-2009", an interview with Professor Fernando J.
In the 1990s the concept was, however, revived in somewhat modified form under the banner of cloud computing. ===Security=== Time-sharing was the first time that multiple processes, owned by different users, were running on a single machine, and these processes could interfere with one another.
Corbató on the history of Multics and origins of time-sharing, 2009. "Mainframe Computers: The Virtues of Sharing", Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing, Computer History Museum Exhibition, January 2011. "Mainframe Computers: Timesharing as a Business", Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing, Computer History Museum Exhibition, January 2011. Operating system technology Computer systems
Corbató on the history of Multics and origins of time-sharing, 2009. "Mainframe Computers: The Virtues of Sharing", Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing, Computer History Museum Exhibition, January 2011. "Mainframe Computers: Timesharing as a Business", Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing, Computer History Museum Exhibition, January 2011. Operating system technology Computer systems
Corbató on the history of Multics and origins of time-sharing, 2009. "Mainframe Computers: The Virtues of Sharing", Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing, Computer History Museum Exhibition, January 2011. "Mainframe Computers: Timesharing as a Business", Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing, Computer History Museum Exhibition, January 2011. Operating system technology Computer systems
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